This study presents a geochemical investigation of Tikak Parbat and Tipam Sandstone Formations occurring in and around Dilli area, Sivasagar, Assam. Petrographically Tikak Parbat and Tipam sandstones are mainly quartzose arenite to sublitharenite types with their constituents being derived from recycled orogen provenance under sub-humid to humid climatic conditions. Geochemically, sandstones of both the formations range from sublitharenite to wacke. They indicate a recycled orogen source and influence of humid to arid condition. Source rocks of Tikak Parbat sandstones were more weathered than the Tipam sandstones. While Tikak Parbat sandstones show affinity towards passive margin, Tipam sandstones hint at active continental margin setup, where clasts were supplied from uplifted areas. Upliftment of provenance covering areas of Naga Patkai Range in the south east and Eastern Himalayas along the syntaxial bend during mid Miocene affected the sandstones. Tikak Parbat sandstones reflect a stable tectonic setup which later underwent a phase of volatility leading to deposition of the Tipam sandstones. Our study supports a sediment supply from the upper continental crust, largely of granitic composition, however, with a significant variation in their depth of source supply. Trace element analyses indicate depositional setup with low ventilation marked by both oxic and anoxic phases.
References
[1]
Blatt, H., Middleton, G.V. and Murray, R.C. (1980) Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 634.
[2]
Dickinson, W.R. (1985) Interpreting Provenance Relations from Detrital Modes of Sandstones. In: Zuffa, G.C., Ed., Provenance of Arenites, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 333-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2809-6_15
[3]
Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R. (1987) Sand and Sandstone. Springer, New York, 553. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5
[4]
Von Eynatten, H. and Gaupp, R. (1999) Provenance of Cretaceous Synorogenic Sandstones in the Eastern Alps: Constraints from Framework Petrography, Heavy Mineral Analysis and Mineral Chemistry. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 81-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00122-5
[5]
Bhatia, M.R. and Crook, K.A.W. (1986) Trace Element Characteristics of Graywackes and Tectonic Setting Discrimination of Sedimentary Basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92, 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375292
[6]
Roser, B.P. and Korsch, R.J. (1986) Determination of Tectonic Setting of Sandstone-Mudstone Suites Using SiO2 Content and K2O/Na2O Ratio. The Journal of Geology, 94, 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1086/629071
[7]
Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., Lee, Y.I., Verma, S.P. and Ramasamy, S. (2004) Geochemistry of Sandstones from the Upper Miocene Kundankulam Formation, Southern India: Implications for Provenance, Weathering, and Tectonic Setting. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74, 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1306/082803740285
[8]
Degens, E.T. (1965) Geochemistry of Sediments. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 342. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196509000-00025
[9]
Condie, K.C. (1993) Chemical Composition and Evolution of Upper Continental Crust: Contrasting Results from Surface Samples and Shales. Chemical Geology, 104, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90140-E
[10]
McLennan, S.M. (1989) Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influences of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 21, 169-200.
[11]
Raza, M., Casshyap, S.M. and Khan, A. (2002) Geochemistry of Mesoproterozoic Lower Vindhyan Shales from Chittaurarh, Southeastern Rajasthan and Its Bearing on Source Rock Composition, Palaeoweathering Conditions and Tectono-Sedimentary Environments. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 60, 505-518.
[12]
Ikhane, P.R., Akintola, A.I., Bankole, S.I. and Oyinboade, Y.T. (2014) Provenance Studies of Sandstone Facies Exposed near Igbile, Southwestern Nigeria: Petrographic and Geochemical Approach. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6, 47-68. https://doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n2p47
[13]
Basu, A., Young, S.W., Suttner, L.J., James, W.C. and Mack, G.H. (1975) Re-Evaluation of the Use of Undulatory Extinction and Polycrystallinity in Detrital Quartz for Provenance Interpretation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 45, 873-882.
[14]
Chayes, F. (1949) A Simple Point Counter for Thin Section Analysis. American Mineralogist, 34, 1-11.
[15]
Das, P.K., Lahkar, A.D. and Duarah, B.P. (2008) Petrography of the Tikak Parbat and Tipam Sandstones in and around Dilli, Sivasagar District, Assam, India. Bangladesh Geology Journal, 14, 57-77.
[16]
Ingersol, R.V. and Suczek, C.A. (1979) Petrology and Provenance of Neogene Sand from Nicobar and Bangal Fans, DSDP Sites 211 and 218. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 1217-1228.
[17]
Dickinson, W.R. and Suczek, C.A. (1979) Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Compositions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ Bulletin, 63, 2164-2182.
[18]
Dickinson, W.R., Beard, L.S., Brackenridge, G.R., Erjavek, J.L., Fergusan, R.C., Inman, K.F., Knepp, R.A., Lindberg, F.A. and Royberg, P.T. (1983) Provenance of North American Phanerozoic Sandstones in Relation to Tectonic Setting. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 94, 222-235. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94%3C222:PONAPS%3E2.0.CO;2
[19]
Suttner, L.J. and Dutta, P.K. (1986) Alluvial Sandstone Composition and Palaeoclimate Framework Mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 329-345.
[20]
Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M. (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 349.
[21]
Nath, B.N., Kunzendorf, H. and Pluger, W.L. (2000) Influence of Provenance, Weathering and Sedimentary Processes on the Elemental Ratios of the Fine-Grained Fraction of the Bedload Sediments from the Vembanad Lake and the Adjoining Continental Shelf, Southwest Coast of India. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70, 1081. https://doi.org/10.1306/100899701081
[22]
Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B. (1980) Depositional Sedimentary Environments. Springer-Verlag, New York, 549. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81498-3
[23]
Bhatia, M.R. (1983) Plate Tectonics and Geochemical Composition of Sandstones. Journal of Geology, 91, 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1086/628815
[24]
Jenner, G.A., Fryer, B.J. and McLennan, S.M. (1981) Geochemistry of the Archean Yellowknife Supergroup. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 1111-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90135-6
[25]
Nesbitt, H.W., Markovics, G. and Price, R.C. (1980) Chemical Processes Affecting Alkalies and Alkaline Earths during Continental Weathering. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1659-1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90218-5
[26]
Cingolani, C.A., Manassero, M. and Abre, P. (2003) Composition, Provenance and Tectonic Setting of Ordovician Siliciclastic Rocks in the San Rafael Block: Southern Extension of the Pre-Cordillera Crustal Fragment, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16, 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00021-X
[27]
Nesbitt, H.W., Fedo, C.M. and Young, G.M. (1997) Quartz and Feldspar Stability, Steady and Non-Steady-State Weathering, and Petrogenesis of Siliclastic Sands and Muds. Journal of Geology, 105, 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1086/515908
[28]
Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. (1982) Early Proterozoic Climates and Plate Motions Inferred from Element Chemistry of Lutites. Nature, 299, 715-717. https://doi.org/10.1038/299715a0
[29]
Harnois, L. (1988) The New Index, a New Chemical Index of Weathering. Sedimentary Geology, 55, 319-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(88)90137-6
[30]
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. (1995) Unraveling the Effects of Potassium Metasomatism in Sedimentary Rocks and Paleosols, with Implications for Weathering Conditions and Provenance. Geology, 23, 921-924. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023%3C0921:UTEOPM%3E2.3.CO;2
[31]
Cullers, R.L., Basu, A. and Suttner, L.J. (1988) Geochemical Signature of Provenance in Sand-Size Material in Soils and Stream Sediments near the Tobacco Root Batholith, Montana, USA. Chemical Geology, 70, 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90123-4
[32]
Condie, K.C. (1967) Geochemistry of Early Precambrian Greywacke from Wyoming. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 321, 2136-2147.
[33]
Le Maitre, R.W. (1976) The Chemical Variability of Some Common Igneous Rocks. Journal of Petrology, 17, 589-637. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/17.4.589
[34]
Kumar, G. (1997) Geology of Arunachal Pradesh. Geological Society, India, 217.
[35]
Dutta, S.K. (1982) Tertiary Stratigraphy of Upper Assam. Journal Palaeontological Society of India, Special Publication, 1, 65-83.
[36]
Handique, G.K., Dutta, S.K. and Neog, A. (1992) Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Prospects in Moran Oil Field, Upper Assam. Geophytology, 22, 217-228.
[37]
Talukdar, S.C. and Mazumdar, A.K. (1983) Geology of the Abor Volcanic Rocks, Sian District, Arunachal Praesh. Geological Survey of India, (Miscellaneous Publication), 43, 135-138.
[38]
Anon (1974) Geology and Mineral Resource of the States of India—Assam and Adjoining States. Geological Survey of India, (Miscellaneous Publication), 30, 1-24.
[39]
Uddin, A. and Lundberg, N. (1998) Unroofing History of the Eastern Himalaya and the Indo-Burma Bangladesh Ranges: Heavy Mineral Study of Cenozoic Sediments from the Bengal Basin. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 465-472. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.68.465
[40]
Lahkar, A.D. (2007) Sedimentological Studies of Tertiary Sediments of Dilli Area, Sibsagar District, Assam. Unpublished, PhD Thesis, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 147.
[41]
McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K. and Hanson, G.N. (1993) Geochemical Approaches to Sedimentation, Provenance, and Tectonics. Special Papers: Geological Society of America, 21.
[42]
Phillips, E. (1991) The Lithostratigraphy, Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting of the Monian Supergroup, Western Anglesey, North Wales. The Geological Society of London, 148, 1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.6.1079
[43]
Crook, K.A.W. (1974) Lithogenesis and Geotectonic: The Significance of Compositional Variations in Flysch Arenites (Graywackes). SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication), 19, 304-310.
[44]
Herron, M.M. (1988) Geochemical Classifications of Terrigenous Sands and Shales from Core or Log Data. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 58, 820-829.
[45]
McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., McCulloch, M.T. and Maynard, J.B. (1990) Geochemical and Nd-Sr Isotopic Composition of Deep-Sea Turbidities: Crustal Evolution and Plate Tectonic Associations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2015-2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90269-Q
[46]
McLennan, S.M. (2001) Relationships between the Trace Element Composition of Sedimentary Rocks and Upper Continental Crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000109
[47]
McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R. and Eriksson, K.A. (1983) Geochemistry of Archean Shales from the Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 1211-1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90063-7
[48]
López, J.M.G., Bauluz, B., Fernández-Nieto, C. and Oliete, A.Y. (2005) Factors Controlling the Trace-Element Distribution in Fine-Grained Rocks: The Albian Kaolinite-Rich Deposits of the Oliete Basin (NE Spain). Chemical Geology, 214, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.024
[49]
Bhat, M.I. (1984) Abor Volcanics; Further Evidence for the Birth of Tethys Ocean in the Himalayan Segment. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 141, 763-775. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.4.0763
[50]
Sarma, K.K. (1991) Geological Setting of the Ophiolites and Magmatic Arc of the Lohit Himalaya (Arunachal Pradesh), India with Special Reference to Their Petrochemistry. In: Geology and Geodynamic Evolution of the Himalayan Collision Zone, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 18, Pergamon Press PLC, Oxford, 277-292.
[51]
Fairbridge, R.W. (Ed.) (1972) The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1344.
[52]
Roy, D.K., Rahman, Md.M. and Akhther, S. (2006) Provenance of Exposed Tipam Sandstone Formation, Surma Basin, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 1, 35-42.
[53]
Lewan, M.D. and Maynards, J.B. (1982) Factors Controlling the Enrichment of Vanadium and Nickel in the Bitumen of Organic Sedimentary Rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 2547-2560. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90377-5
[54]
Erikson, K.A., Taylor, S.R. and Korsch, R.J. (1992) Geochemistry of 1.8 - 1.67 Ga Mudstones and Siltstones from the Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia: Provenance and Tectonic Implications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 899-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90035-H
[55]
Jones, B. and Manning, A.C. (1994) Comparison of Geochemical Indices Used for the Interpretation of Palaeo-Redox Conditions in Ancient Mudstones. Chemical Geology, 3, 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X
[56]
Thong, G.T. and Rao, B.V. (2006) Geochemical Investigations of the Disang Sandstones of Bosta, Nagaland, NE India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 68, 715-722.
[57]
Hayashi, K., Gujisawa, H., Holland, H.D. and Ohmoto, H. (1997) Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga Sedimentary Rocks from Northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 4115-4137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7
[58]
McLennan, S.M., Nance, W.B. and Taylor, S.R. (1980) Rare Earth Element—Thorium Correlations in Sedimentary Rocks and the Composition of the Continental Crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1833-1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90232-X
[59]
Taylor, S.R. (1960) The Abundance of the Rare Earth Elements in Relation to Their Origin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 19, 100-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(60)90041-7
[60]
Cullers, R.L. and Graf, J.L. (1984) Rare Earth Elements in Igneous Rocks of the Continental Crust: Intermediate and Silicic Rocks-Ore Petrogenesis. In: Henderson, P., Ed., Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 275-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50013-7
[61]
Nagarajan, R., Armstrong-Attrin, J.S., Nagendra, R., Madhavaraju, J. and Moutte, J. (2007) Petrography and Geochemistry of Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks in the Neoproterrozoic Rabanpalli Formation, Bhima Basin, Southern India: Implications for Palaeo-Weathering Conditions, Provenance and Source Rock Composition. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 70, 297-312.
[62]
Taylor, S.R., Rudnick, R.L., McLennan, S.M. and Erickson, K.A. (1986) Rare Earth Element Patterns in Archean High Grade Metasediments and Their Tectonic Significance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 2267-2279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90081-5
[63]
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., McLennan, S.M. and Keays, R.R. (1996) Effects of Chemical Weathering and Sorting on the Petrogenesis of Siliclastic Sediments, with Implications for Provenance Studies. Journal of Geology, 104, 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1086/629850
[64]
Bhatia, M.R. (1985) Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Australian Palaeozoic Greywackes and Mudrocks: Provenance and Tectonic Control. Sedimentary Geology, 45, 97-113.
