Near infrared spectroscopy offers advantages in the analysis of vegetable oils such as rapidity, relative cost-effectiveness, and usually no need for sample preparation. Virgin Sunflower oils were used as reference standards to develop spectra library for qualitative identification and validation of the method. This model was validated by correct classification method using positive and negative control samples. Various market samples of virgin sunflower oil were purchased and compared with spectra library. The results of spectral analysis of reference library and market samples were correlated using Mahalanobis distance method. Analysis involved 22 market samples. When these samples were matched against calibration samples, 4 samples out of 22 which are about 18.2% were not matched by the reference model. These market samples had Mahalanobis distance values between 4.2 and 6.7, which are greater than maximum permissible value of 3. Some of adulterants mentioned were Korie oil and pumpkin seeds oil.
References
[1]
United States Department of Agriculture (2016) Achenes Of The Sunflower Family—Sunflower Family (Asteraceae): Genus Helianthus L.
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid5.htm
[2]
Yang, H., Irudayaraj, J. and Paradkar, M.M. (2005) Discriminant Analysis of Edible Oils and Fats by Ftir, Ft-Nir and Ft-Raman Spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 93, 25- 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.039
Blanco, M. and Villarroya, I. (2002) NIR Spectroscopy: A Rapid-Response Analytical Tool. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21, 240-250.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00404-1
[5]
Reich, G. (2005) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging: Basic Principles and Pharmaceutical Applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57, 1109-1143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.01.020
[6]
Bewig, K.M., Clarke, A.D., Roberts, C. and Unklesbay, N. (1994) Discriminant Analysis of Vegetable Oils by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 71, 195-200.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02541556
[7]
Tsuchikawa, S., Yamato, K. and Inoue, K. (2003) Discriminant Analysis of Wood- Based Materials Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Wood Science, 49, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-002-0471-0
[8]
Zhuang, X.L., Xiang, Y.H., Qiang, H., Zhang, Z.Y., Zou, M.Q. and Zhang, X.F. (2010) Quality Analysis of Olive Oil and Quantification Detection of Adulteration in Olive Oil by Near-Infrared Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 30, 933-936.
[9]
Ramirez-Lopez, L., Behrens, T., Schmidt, K., Rossel, R.A.V., Dematte, J.A.M. and Scholten, T. (2013) Distance and Similarity-Search Metrics for Use with Soil Vis-Nir Spectra. Geoderma, 199, 43-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.035
[10]
Candolfi, A., De Maesschalck, R., Jouan-Rimbaud, D., Hailey, P.A. and Massart, D.L. (1999) The Influence of Data Pre-Processing in the Pattern Recognition of Excipients Near-Infrared Spectra. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 21, 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(99)00125-9
[11]
Candolfi, A., De Maesschalck, R., Massart, D.L., Hailey, P.A. and Harrington, A.C.E. (1999) Identification of Pharmaceutical Excipients Using Nir Spectroscopy and Simca. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 19, 923-935.
[12]
Roggo, Y., Chalus, P., Maurer, L., Lema-Martinez, C., Edmond, A. and Jent, N. (2007) A Review of Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics in Pharmaceutical Technologies. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 44, 683-700.
[13]
Hourant, P., Baeten, V., Morales, M.T., Meurens, M. and Aparicio, R. (2000) Oil and Fat Classification by Selected Bands of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, 54, 1168-1174. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702001950733
[14]
The Citizen (2013) Banned Cooking Oil Still Trading.
http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/national/Banned-cooking-oil-still-trading/-/1840
392/1916396/-/12whardz/-/index.html
[15]
Ben-Gera, I. and Norris, K.H. (1968) Spectrophotometric Determination of Fat and Moisture in Meat Products. Journal of Food Science, 33, 64-68.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb00885.x
[16]
Moen, R.D. (1981) An Improved NIR Method for Measuring Oil, Protein, and Moisture in Soybeans, Cottonseeds, and Sunflower Seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 58, A599.
[17]
Moschner, C.R. and Biskupek-Korell, B. (2006) Estimating the Content of Free Fatty Acids in High-Oleic Sunflower Seeds by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 108, 606-613.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600032
[18]
Asensio, C.M., Nepote, V. and Grosso, N.R. (2011) Chemical Stability of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Added with Oregano Essential Oil. Journal of Food Science, 76, S445-S450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02332.x
[19]
Li, S.F., Zhu, X.R., Zhang, J.H., Li, G.Y., Su, D.L. and Shan, Y. (2012) Authentication of Pure Camellia Oil by Using near Infrared Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Techniques. Journal of Food Science, 77, C374-C380.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02622.x
[20]
Sarembaud, J., Pinto, R., Rutledge, D.N. and Feinberg, M. (2007) Application of the Anova-Pca Method to Stability Studies of Reference Materials. Analytica Chimica Acta, 603, 147-154.
[21]
Sato, T. (1994) Application of Principal-Component Analysis on Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Data of Vegetable-Oils for Their Classification. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 71, 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02638055
[22]
Sato, T. (2002) New Estimation Method for Fatty Acid Composition in Oil Using near Infrared Spectroscopy. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 66, 2543- 2548. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.66.2543
[23]
Kasemsumran, S., Kang, N., Christy, A. and Ozaki, Y. (2005) Partial Least Squares Processing of Near-Infrared Spectra for Discrimination and Quantification of Adulterated Olive Oils. Spectroscopy Letters, 38, 839-851.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010500316189
[24]
Kuriakose, S., Thankappan, X., Joe, H. and Venkataraman, V. (2010) Detection and Quantification of Adulteration in Sandalwood Oil through near Infrared Spectroscopy. Analyst, 135, 2676-2681. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00261e
[25]
Veras, G., Gomes, A.D., da Silva, A.C., de Brito, A.L.B., de Almeida, P.B.A. and de Medeiros, E.P. (2010) Classification of Biodiesel Using Nir Spectrometry and Multivariate Techniques. Talanta, 83, 565-568.
[26]
McCaig, T.N. (2002) Extending the Use of Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometers to Measure Colour of Food and Agricultural Products. Food Research International, 35, 731-736.
[27]
Zhang, X., Julien-David, D., Miesch, M., Raul, F., Geoffroy, P., Aoude-Werner, D., Ennahar, S. and Marchioni, E. (2006) Quantitative Analysis of Beta-Sitosterol Oxides Induced in Vegetable Oils by Natural Sunlight, Artificially Generated Light, and Irradiation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 5410-5415.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf053224f
[28]
Yildiz, G., Wehling, R.L. and Cuppett, S.L. (2003) Comparison of Four Analytical Methods for the Determination of Peroxide Value in Oxidized Soybean Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 80, 103-107.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-003-0659-3