We consider the extension of network lifetime of battery driven wireless sensor networks by splitting the sensing area into uniform clusters and implementing heterogeneous modulation schemes at different members of the clusters. A cross-layer optimization has been proposed to reduce total energy expenditure of the network; at network layer, routing is done through uniform clusters; at MAC layer, each sensor node of the cluster is assigned fixed or variable time slots and at physical layer different member of the clusters is assigned different modulation techniques. MATLAB simulation proved substantial network lifetime gains.
References
[1]
Srivastava, V. and Motani, M. (2005) Cross-Layer Design: A Survey and the Road Ahead. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43, 112-119.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2005.1561928
[2]
Lin, X.H., Kwok, Y.K. and Wang, H. (2009) Cross-Layer Design for Energy Efficient Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Communication Mobile Computing, 9, 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.608
[3]
Akyildiz, I.F., Vuran, M.C. and Akan, O.B. (2006) A Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 6, 1102-1107.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2006.286630
[4]
Luca, C., Riccardo, C. Del, F.G., Luca, M., Vincenzo, M., Luigi, P. and Laura, S.M. (2014) A Cross-Layer Approach to Minimize the Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, 331, 309-324.
[5]
Zhou, Z.H., Xiang, X.J., Wang, X. and Pan, J.P. (2010) A Holistic Sensor Network Design for Energy Conservation and Efficient Data Dissemination. Computer Networks, 55, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.08.002
[6]
Zara, H. and Faisal, B. (2013) XL-WMSN: Cross-Layer Quality of Service Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2013, 174.
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/174
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2013-174
[7]
Fotis, F., Vangelis, G. and Nancy, A. (2008) Cross-Layer Design Proposals for Wireless Mobile Networks: A survey and Taxonomy. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 10, No. 1. www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys
[8]
Liu, Q., Zhou, S. and Giannakis, G.B. (2004) Cross-Layer Combining of Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Truncated ARQ over Wireless Links. IEEE Transaction Wireless Communication, 3, 1746-1755.
[9]
Cui, S., Goldsmith, A.J. and Bahai, A. (2005) Energy-Constrained Modulation Optimization. IEEE Transaction Wireless Communication, 4, 2349-2360.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2005.853882
[10]
Ritesh, M., Cui, S., Lall, S. and Goldsmith, A.J. (2007) Modelling and Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE/ACM Transaction Networks, 15, 1359-1372.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2007.897945
[11]
Ye, W., Heidemann, J. and Estrin, D. (2002) An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Infocom, New York, 23-27 June 2002, 1567-1576.
http://www.isi.edu.
[12]
Almiani, K., Selvakennedy, S. and Viglas, A. (2008) RMC: An Energy-Aware Cross-Layer Data-Gathering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Okinawa, 25-28 March 2008, 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1109/aina.2008.90
[13]
Melodia, T., Vuran, M.C. and Pompili, D. (2006) The State of the Art in Cross-layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), 3883, 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/11750673_7
[14]
Van Hoesel, L., Nieberg, T., Wu, J. and Havinga, P.J.M. (2004) Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks by Cross-Layer Interaction. IEEE Wireless Communications, 11, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2004.1368900
[15]
Yuan, J., Li, Z., Yu, W. and Li, B. (2005) A Cross-Layer Optimization Framework for Multicast in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks Wireless Internet. First International Conference on Wireless Internet (WICON’05), Budapest, 10-15 July 2005, 47-54.
https://doi.org/10.1109/WICON.2005.2
[16]
Feng, L., Lu, Y., Wei, Z.C., Zhu, Z.X. and Ding, X. (2013) Cross-Layer Power-Control-Based Real Time Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Cairo.
[17]
Ge, W., Zhang, J. and Shen, S. (2007) A Cross-Layer Design Approach to Multicast in Wireless Networks. IEEE Transaction Wireless Communication, 6, 1063-1071.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2007.05468
[18]
Choe, H.J., Ghosh, P. and Das, S.K. (2009) Cross-Layer Design for Adaptive Data Reporting in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, Galveston, 9-13 March 2009, 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1109/percom.2009.4912844
[19]
Korhonen, J. and Wang, Y. (2005) Effect of Packet Size on Loss Rate and Delay in Wireless Links. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, New Orleans, 13-17 March 2005, 1608-1613. https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2005.1424754
[20]
Hou, Y., Hamamura, M. and Zhang, S. (2005) Performance Trade-Off with Adaptive Frame Length and Modulation in Wireless Network. IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Shanghai, 21-23 September 2005, 490-494.
[21]
Modiano, E. (1999) An Adaptive Algorithm for Optimizing the Packet Size Used in Wireless ARQ Protocols. Wireless Networks, 5, 279-286.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019111430288
[22]
Sankarasubramaniam, Y., Akyildiz, I.F. and McLaughlin, S.W. (2003) Energy Efficiency Based Packet Size Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, Anchorage, 11 May 2003, 1-8.
[23]
Chen, Y., Sirer, E. and Wicker, S. (2003) On Selection of Optimal Transmission Power for Ad-Hoc Networks. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, 6-9 January 2003, 1-10.
[24]
Proakis, J. (2001) Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 174-220.
