Kafr El-Dawar is a major industrial city and a municipality on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt. Kafr El-Dawar area is unfortunately suffering from many factories that let out their waste water into the irrigation canal and agricultural drains. Twenty five water samples were collected from five water resources to assess their heavy pollution. The determination of heavy metals (HV) water resources content conducted to compose the following increasing HV concentration sequences ; Drain Abu Qir (DA): Min (Cu)_Max (Zn), Canal Dbora Deufsho (CD): Min (Cu)_Max (Zn), Drain Dbora Abu Qir (DD): Min (Cu)_Max (Fe), Drain Kafr Dawar Deufsho (DK) : Min (Cu)_Max (Mn) and Drain Yarn and Fabric (DY) Min (Cu)_Max (Zn). Distribution patterns of HV concentration of water resources were (a) wide spread-distribution (Cr, Co, Mn), (b) moderately spread distribution pattern (Cu, Ni, Pb),and (c) narrow spread distribution pattern (Fe, Cd, Li and Zn) . The association study conducted to classify the HV concentration into three groups; positively highly correlated HV: (Pb_Cd), (Pb_Co), (Pb_Cr), (Cd_Co), (Zn_Fe), (Cr_Co), (Ni_Co) and (Ni_Fe), negatively highly correlated HV: (Pb_Mn), (Cd_Mn), (Mn_Cu) and (Co_Li) and intermediate cases (non-significant positive and negative intercorrelation) that was represented by the other cases. The low values of contamination factor, of short term use (CfiST), showed that the majority of HV concentration, of the studied water resources was at safe use level. This certainly with exception of the cases of cadmium that classified the water resources DA and CD, and DD into polluted and risky levels, respectively. The high values of contamination factor, of long term use (CfiLT), indicated that the studied water resources were mainly contaminated by Cd, Co and Cr heavy metals. Contrary, the low values of (CfiLT) of Zn, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb and Cu, all studied water resources are safe. Contamination degree index (Cd) indicated the safe use at short term of water resources (DA), (CD) and (DD), and (DY) water resources were highly contaminated. According to (Cd) values, moderate risk is expected if we use the water resource (DK), even in the short term. As for the long term use, all studied water resources were highly contaminated that they cannot be absolutely used in the long run.
References
[1]
Connel, B.S., Cox, M. and Singer, I. (1984) Nickel and Chromium. In: Brunner, F. and Coburn, J.W., Eds., Disorders of Minerals Metabolism, Academic Press, New York, 472-532.
[2]
Mwegoha, W.J.S. and Kihampa, C. (2010) Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils and Water in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 763-769.
[3]
Wikipedia (2016) Toxic Heavy Metal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal
[4]
Ray, M. (1990) Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Plants Grown in Industrial Areas. Indian Biologists, XXII, 33-38.
[5]
Sundaray, S.K., Panda, U.C., Nayak, B.B. and Bhatta, D. (2006) Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality of Mahanadi River-Estuarine System (India) A Case Study. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 28, 317-330.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-9001-5
[6]
Karbassi, A.R., Nouri, J. and Ayaz, G.O. (2007) Flocculation of Trace Metals during Mixing of Talar River Water with Caspian Seawater. International Journal of Environmental Research, 1, 66-73.
[7]
Akoto, O., Bruce, T.N. and Darko, G. (2008) Heavy Metals Pollution Profiles in Streams Serving the Owabi Reservoir. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2, 354-359.
[8]
Ahmad, M.K., Islam, S., Rahman, S., Haque, M.R. and Islam, M.M. (2010) Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4, 321-332.
[9]
Reza, R. and Singh, G. (2010) Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Indexing Approach for River Water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 785-792.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326187
[10]
Manoj, K., Padhy P.K. and Chaudhury, S. (2012) Study of Heavy Metal Contamination of the River Water through Index Analysis. Approach and Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 1, 7-15.
[11]
EPA (2004) Environment Protection Agency, Guidelines for Water Reuse, EPA- USA/625/R-04/108; Table 4-13, 167-170.
http://www.lacsd.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=2184
[12]
Backman, B., Bodis, D., Lahermo, P. and Rapant, S. (1997) Application of a Groundwater Contamination Index in Finland and Slovakia. Environmental Geology, 36, 55-64.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050320
[13]
Amadi, A.N., Olasehinde, P.I., Okosun, E.A. and Yisa, J. (2010) Assessment of the Water Quality Index of Otamiri and Oramiriukwa Rivers. Physics International, 1, 116-123.
[14]
Aweng, E.R., Karimah, M. and Suhaimi, O. (2011) Heavy Metals Concentration of Irrigation Water, Soils and Fruit Vegetables in Kota Bharu Area, Kelantan, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 6, 463-470.
[15]
Nasrabadi, T. (2015) An Index Approaches to Metallic Pollution in River Waters. International Journal of Environmental Research, 9, 385-394.
[16]
Brraich, S.O. and Jangu, S. (2015) Evaluation of Water Quality Pollution Indices for Heavy Metal Contamination in the Water of Harike Wetland (Ramsar Site) India. International Journal of Scientific and Research, 5, 2250-3153.
[17]
Prasad, B. and Bose, J. (2001) Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Pollution Index for Surface and Spring Water near a Limestone Mining Area of the Lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology Journal, 41, 183-188.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100380
[18]
Edet, A.E. and Offiong, O.E. (2002) Evaluation of Water Quality Pollution Indices for Heavy Metal Contamination Monitoring. A Study Case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani Area, Lower Cross River Basin (Southeastern Nigeria). Geomicrobiology Journal, 57, 295-304.
https://doi.org/10.1023/b:gejo.0000007250.92458.de
[19]
Bird, G., Brewer, P.A., Macklin, M.G., Serban, M., Balteanu, D. and Driga, B. (2005) Heavy Metal Contamination in the Aries River Catchment, Western Romania: Implications for Development of the RosiaMontana Gold Deposit. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 86, 26-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.02.002
[20]
Nabi, B.G.R., Karbassi, A.R., Nasrabadi, T. and Hoveidi, H. (2007) Influence of Copper Mine on Surface Water Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4, 85-91.
[21]
Wang, X., Lu, Y., Han, J., He, G. and Wang, T. (2007) Identification of Anthropogenic Influences on Water Quality of Rivers in Taihu Watershed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19, 475-481.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60080-1
[22]
Zhang, Y., Guo, F., Meng, W. and Wang, X.Q. (2009) Water Quality Assessment and Source Identification of Daliao River Basin Using Multivariate Statistical Methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 105-121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0300-z
[23]
Nasrabadi, T., NabiBidhendi, G.R., Karbassi, A. R., Hoveidi, H., Nasrabadi, I., Pezeshk, H. and Rashidinejad, F. (2009) Influence of Sungun Coppermine on Groundwater Quality, NW, Iran. Environmental Geology, 58, 693-700.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1543-2
Rumsey, D.J. (2016) What a Boxplot Can Tell You about a Statistical Data Set.
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-a-boxplot-can-tell-you-about-a-statistical-da.html
[27]
Al-Ami, M.Y., Al-Nakib, S.M., Ritha, N.M., Nouri, A.M. and Al-Assina, A. (1987) Water Quality Index Applied to the Classification and Zoning of Al-Jaysh Canal, Bagdad, Iraq. Journal Environmental Science and Health, 22, 305-319.