The admixture and recombination of individuals from the native range into a new range may lead to the production of invasive genotypes that have higher fitness and wider climatic tolerances than the native genotypes. In this paper, we compare the survival and growth of native EU and invasive NA genotypes when planted back into the native EU range near where the EU genotypes were collected. We test this hypothesis using the invasive wetland grass Phalaris arundinacea. If invasive genotypes have evolved to have higher survival and growth, then they should outperform the native EU genotypes under field conditions that are better suited to the EU genotypes. Individual plants of the wetland grass, Phalaris arundinacea collected from native Europe (Czech Republic (CZ) and France (FR)) and North America (Vermont (VT) and North Carolina (NC)) were planted into common gardens in Trebon, Czech Republic (49.0042°N, 14.7721°E) and Moussac, France (43.9808°N, 4.2241°E). Invasive genotypes from North Carolina (NC) survived as well or better than native genotypes in both the Trebon and Moussac garden. Additionally, invasive NC genotypes suffered higher herbivore damage than native genotypes but their growth and survival were not significantly different than genotypes from the other re-gions. A companion field experiment that simulated biomass removal through grazing indicated that invasive NC genotypes recovered faster following grazing than genotypes from other regions. Our results suggest that not all invasive genotypes are superior and regional differences in aggressiveness between invasive genotypes are as great as differences between individuals from native and invasive populations. Introduction of genotypes leading to invasion depends upon the environmental conditions and the suitability of the climate for the introduced individuals.
References
[1]
Bossdorf, O., Auge, H., Lafuma, L., Rogers, W.E., Siemann, E. and Prati, D. (2005) Phenotypic and Genetic Differentiation between Native and Introduced Plant Populations. Oecologia, 144, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0070-z
[2]
Bossdorf, O., Lipowsky, A. and Prati, D. (2008) Selection of Preadapted Populations Allowed Senecio inaequidens to Invade Central Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 676-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00471.x
[3]
Sakai, A.K., et al. (2001) The Population Biology of Invasive Species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 305-332. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114037
[4]
Muller-Scharer, H., Schaffner, U. and Steinger, T. (2004) Evolution in Invasive Plants: Implications for Biological Control. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.010
[5]
Prentis, P.J., Wilson, J.R.U., Dormontt, E.E., Richardson, D.M. and Lowe, A.J. (2008) Adaptive Evolution in Invasive Species. Trends in Plant Science, 13, 288-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.03.004
[6]
Drenovsky, R.E., Grewell, B.J., D’Antonio, C.M., et al. (2012) A Functional Trait Perspective on Plant Invasion. Annals of Botany, 110, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs100
[7]
Keller, S.R., Sowell, D.R., Neiman, M., Wolfe, L.M. and Taylor, D.R. (2009) Adaptation and Colonization History Affect the Evolution of Clines in Two Introduced Species. New Phytologist, 183, 678-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02892.x
[8]
Lavergne, S. and Molofsky, J. (2007) Increased Genetic Variation and Evolutionary Potential Drive the Success of an Invasive Grass. Proceedings of the National Aca-demy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 3883-3888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607324104
[9]
Dlugosch, K.M. and Parker, I.M. (2008) Invading Populations of an Ornamental Shrub Show Rapid Life History Evolution despite Genetic Bottlenecks. Ecology Letters, 11, 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01181.x
[10]
Ellstrand, N.C. (2009) Evolution of Invasiveness in Plants Following Hybridization. Biological Invasions, 11, 1089-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9389-9
[11]
Keller, S.R. and Taylor, D.R. (2010) Genomic Admixture Increases Fitness during a Biological Invasion. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23, 1720-1731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02037.x
[12]
Facon, B., Genton, B.J., Shykoff, J., Jarne, P., Estoup, A. and David, P. (2006) A General Eco-Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Bioinvasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.012
[13]
Facon, B., Pointier, J.P., Jarne, P., Sarda, V. and David, P. (2008) High Genetic Variance in Life-History Strategies within Invasive Populations by Way of Multiple Introductions. Current Biology, 18, 363-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.063
[14]
Culley, T.M. and Hardiman, N.A. (2009) The Role of Intraspecific Hybridization in the Evolution of Invasiveness: A Case Study of the Ornamental Pear Tree Pyrus calleryana. Biological Invasions, 11, 1107-1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9386-z
[15]
Broennimann, O. and Guisan, A. (2008) Predicting Current and Future Biological Invasions: Both Native and Invaded Ranges Matter. Biology Letters, 4, 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0254
[16]
Broennimann, O., Treier, U.A., Muller-Scharer, H., Thuiller, W., Peterson, A.T. and Guisan, A. (2007) Evidence of Climatic Niche Shift during Biological Invasion. Ecology Letters, 10, 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01060.x
[17]
Gallagher, R.V., Beaumont, L.J., Hughes, L. and Leishman, M.R. (2010) Evidence for Climatic Niche and Biome Shifts between Native and Novel Ranges in Plant Species Introduced to Australia. Journal of Ecology, 98, 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01677.x
[18]
Molofsky, J. and Collins, A.R. (2015) Using Native and Invasive Populations as Surrogate “Species” to Predict the Potential for Native and Invasive Populations to Shift Their Range. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 16, 505-516.
[19]
Blossey, B. and Notzold, R. (1995) Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability in Invasive Nonindigenouse Plants—A Hypothesis. Journal of Ecology, 83, 887-889. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261425
[20]
Maron, J.L., Vila, M. and Arnason, J. (2004) Loss of Enemy Resistance among Introduced Populations of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Ecology, 85, 3243-3253. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0297
[21]
Alward, R.D. and Joern, A. (1993) Plasticity and Overcompensation in Grass Response to Herbivory. Oecologia, 95, 358-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00320989
[22]
Bossdorf, O., Prati, D., Auge, H. and Schmid, B. (2004). Reduced Competitive Ability in an Invasive Plant. Ecology Letters, 7, 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00583.x
[23]
Lavergne, S. and Molofsky, J. (2004) Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a Biological Model in the Study of Plant Invasions. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23, 415-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680490505934
[24]
Lavergne, S., Muenke, N.J. and Molofsky, J. (2010) Genome Size Reduction Can Trigger Rapid Phenotypic Evolution in Invasive Plants. Annals of Botany, 105, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp271
[25]
Calsbeek, B., Lavergne, S., Patel, M. and Molofsky, J. (2011) Comparing the Genetic Architecture and Potential Response to Selection of Invasive and Native Populations of Reed Canary Grass. Evolutionary Applications, 4, 726-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00195.x
[26]
Gilchrist, G.W. and Lee, C.E. (2007) All Stressed Out and Nowhere to Go: Does Evolvability Limit Adaptation in Invasive Species? Genetica, 129, 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-006-9009-5
[27]
Moloney, K.A., Holzapfel, C., Tielborger, K., Jeltsch, F. and Schurr, F.M. (2009) Rethinking the Common Garden in Invasion Research. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 11, 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2009.05.002
[28]
Williams, J.L., Auge, H. and Maron, J.L. (2008) Different Gardens, Different Results: Native and Introduced Populations Exhibit Contrasting Phenotypes across Common Gardens. Oecologia, 157, 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1075-1
[29]
Blair, A.C. and Wolfe, L.M. (2004) The Evolution of an Invasive Plant: An Experimental Study with Silene latifolia. Ecology, 85, 3035-3042. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0341
[30]
Yang, X., Huang, W., Tian, B. and Ding, J. (2014) Differences in Growth and Herbivory Damage of Native and Invasive Kudzu (Peuraria Montana var lobata) Populations Grown in the Native Range. Plant Ecology, 215, 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0304-4
[31]
Zhao, W., Chen, S.P. and Lin, G.H. (2008) Compensatory Growth Responses to Clipping Defoliation in Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) under Nutrient Addition and Water Deficiency Conditions. Plant Ecology, 196, 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9336-3
[32]
Software SS (2008) SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements Release 8.2. Cary.
[33]
Van Kleunen, M. and Schmid, B. (2003) No Evidence for an Evolutionary Increased Competitive Ability in an Invasive Plant. Ecology, 84, 2816-2323. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0494
[34]
González-Moreno, P., Pino, J., Carreras, D., Basnou, C., Fernández-Rebollar, I. and Vila, M. (2013) Quantifying the Landscape Influence on Plant Invasions in Mediterranean Coastal Habitats. Landscape Ecology, 28, 891-903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9857-1
[35]
Pysek, P. and Richardson, D.M. (2007) Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do We Stand? In: Nentwig, W., Ed., Biological Invasions, Springer, Berlin, 97-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_7
[36]
Wolfe, L.M. (2002) Why Alien Invaders Succeed: Support for the Escape-from-Enemy Hypothesis. American Naturalist, 160, 705-711.
[37]
Wolfe, L.M., Elzinga, J.A. and Biere, A. (2004) Increased Susceptibility to Enemies Following Introduction in the Invasive Plant Silene latifolia. Ecology Letters, 7, 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00649.x
[38]
Brodersen, C., Lavergne, S. and Molofsky, J. (2008) Genetic Variation in Photosynthetic Characteristics among Invasive and Native Populations of Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). Biological Invasions, 10, 1317-1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9206-x
[39]
Colautti, R.I., Maron, J.L. and Barrett, S.C.H. (2009) Common Garden Comparisons of Native and Introduced Plant Populations: Latitudinal Clines Can Obscure Evolutionary Inferences. Evolutionary Applications, 2, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00053.x
