Due to global climatic changes, flash floods are followed as a yearly disaster with high magnitude of influence. During the years 1981, 1988, 2010, 2012 and in January 2013, Tabuk city, northwest of Saudi Arabia suffered huge flash floods. These are major factors affecting on the swelling behavior of expansive Tabuk shale. The examined geotechnical properties of the surface and subsurface lithology of the sedimentary deposits distinguished Tabuk city into three zones. The expansive zone is spread in the middle and the non-expansive zones are distributed in the east and west of the city. The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) and Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC-1) models were used to delineate and identify the drainage system and basin morphometry, where flash floods and accumulation of water might take place. Integration between geotechnical distribution maps of the expansion soil and surface hydrological data in terms of runoff maps was done. It has been identified the whereabouts the soils which have expansion characteristics and areas prone to flooding and surface runoff. They are helpful in defining the hazard zones map. Based on this map, it can be avoided constructions on the risk neighborhoods such as Al Qadsiyah, Al Maseif, Arrwdah, Al Nakhil and Al Rajhi. Also, it can suggest that the western side of Tabuk city is suitable for future urban extension. These results will help planners and citizens to create alternative development scenarios and determine their impact on the future urbanization patterns. Moreover, the direction of surface runoff flow or storm water discharge should be away from the expansion soil areas. Therefore, constructing dams on the outlet of the high-risk basins, south of Tabuk city is an important solution to control flash flood events, as well as increase groundwater recharge.
References
[1]
Seed, H.B., Woodward, R.J. and Lundgren, R. (1962) Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, 88, 53-87.
[2]
Li, J., Cameron, D.A. and Ren, G. (2014) Case Study and Back Analysis of a Residential Building Damaged by Expansive Soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 56, 89-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.11.005
[3]
Li, X., Liang, Y., Zhang, P. and Wang, Y. (2010) Research into Treatment Theory and Technique for Expansive Soil Geological Disasters. Memoirs of the Muroran Institute of Technology, 59, 165-171.
[4]
Kerrane, J.P. (2011) What Are Expansive Soils. Benson & Associates PC, Golden.
[5]
Rosenbalm, D.C. (2013) Volume Change Behavior of Expansivesoils Due to Wetting and Drying Cycles, Arizona. PhD Thesis, Arizona State University, Phoenix.
[6]
Slater, D.E. (1983) Potential Expansive Soils in Arabian Peninsula. American Society for Civil Engineering. Geothermal Engineering, 109, 744-746.
[7]
Abduljauwad, S.N. and Ahmed, R. (1990) Expansive Soil in Al-Qatif Area. Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering, 15, 133-144.
[8]
Erol, A.O. and Dhowian, A. (1990) Swell Behavior of Arid Climate Shale from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Engineering Geology, 23, 243-254.
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1990.023.03.06
[9]
Abduljauwad, S.N. (1994) Swelling Behavior of Calcareous Clays from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Engineering Geology, 27, 333-351.
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1994.027.P4.05
[10]
Al-Sabtan A.A. (2005) Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Clay Shale in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 25, 747-757.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.07.003
[11]
Ruwaih, I.A. (1987) Experiences with Expansive Soils in Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Expansive Soils, New Delhi, 1-4 December 1987, 317-322.
[12]
Dhowian, A.W., Erol, A.O. and Youssef, A. (1990). Evaluation of Expansive Soils and Foundation Methodology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Directorate Research Grants Programs, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology.
[13]
Dafalla, M.A. and Al-Shamrani, M.A. (2008) Performance-Based Solutions for Foundations Onexpansive Soils-Al Ghatt Region, Saudi Arabia. International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, Chiangmai, 10-12 December 2008, 147-156.
[14]
Dhowian, A.W. (1984) Characteristics of Expansive Clay-Shale in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Expansive Soils, Adelaide, 21-23 May 1984, 316-320.
[15]
Dafalla M.A. and Al-Shamrani M.A. (2012) Expansive Soil Properties in a Semi-Arid Region. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 4, 930-938.
[16]
Dafalla, M.A., Al-Shamrani, M.A., Puppala, A. and Ali, H.E. (2010) Use of Rigid Foundation System on Expansive Soils. American Society for Civil Engineers, GSP (Geotechnical Special Publication), 199. https://doi.org/10.1061/41095(365)170
[17]
Fredlund, D.G. and Rahardjo, H. (1993) Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759
[18]
Handy, R.L. (1995) The Day the House Fell: Homeowner Soil Problems from Landslides to Expansive Clays and Wet Basements. ASCE, Reston.
https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784401040
[19]
Wray, W.K. and Meyer, K.T. (2004) Expansive Clay Soil—A Widespread and Costly GeoHazard. GeoStrata, 5, 24-28.
[20]
Mitchell, J.K. and Raad, L. (1973) Control of Volume Changes in Expansive Earth Materials. Proceedings of the Workshop on Expansive Clay and Shales in Highway Design and Construction, 2, 200-219.
[21]
Snethen, D.R. and Johnson, L.D. (1980) Evaluation of Soil Suction from Filter Paper. Miscellaneous Paper GL-80-4, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
[22]
El Sayed, S.T. and Rabbaa, S.A. (1986) Factors Affecting Behavior of Expansive Soils in the Laboratory and Field—A Review. Geotechnical Engineering, 17, 89-107.
[23]
Day, R.W. (1992) Irrigation, Drainage, and Landscaping for Expansive Soil. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 118, 285-290.
http://webistem.com/acoustics2008/acoustics2008/cd1/data/articles/002216.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1992)118:2(285)
[24]
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (1997) Multi Hazard Identification and Risk: Assessment. Expansive Soils.
[25]
Abushandi, E. and Alatawi, S. (2015) Dam Site Selection Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Geographical Information System to Control Flood Events in Tabuk City. Hydrology: Current Research, 6, 189.
[26]
Abushandi, E. (2016) Flash Flood Simulation for Tabuk City Catchment, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2192-x
[27]
Hussein, M.T. and Zaidi, F.K. (2012) Assessing Hydrological Elements as Key Issue for Urban Development in Arid Regions.
[28]
Tabuk, M. (1993) The Town Plans Report. Asia Aaero Survey Company (Personal Communication).
[29]
ASTM (1995) Book of Standards, Soil and Rock. Philadelphia.
[30]
MOWE (Ministry of Water and Electricity) (2015) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
[31]
Hyfran, M. (1998) Developed by INRS-Eau with Collaboration of Hydro-Québec Hydraulic Service (Department Hydrology) in the Framework of Hydro-Québec/CRSNG Statistical Hydrology Chair Located at INRS-Eau. http://www.wrpllc.com/books/hyfran.html
[32]
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) (1998) HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package User’s Manual, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), Davis.
Ally, W.M., Dawdy, D.R. and Schaake, J.C. (1980) Parametric Deterministic Urban Watershed Model. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 106, 679-690.
[35]
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) (2000) Hydrologic Modeling System HEC-HMS Technical Reference Manual. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis.
[36]
Sonbol, M.A., Mtalo, F., El-Bihery, M.A. and Abdel Motaleb, M. (2005) Watershed Modeling of WadiSudr and Wadi Al-Arbain in Sinai, Egypt. International Conference of UNESCO Flanders Fust Friend/Nile Project—Towards A Better Cooperation, The 5th Project Management Meeting & 9th Steering Committee Meeting, Sharm El-Shiekh, 12-15 November 2005, 1-12.
[37]
Soil Conservation Services (SCS) (1985) National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Engineering Division, Washington DC.
[38]
Sorman, A.U., Abdulrazzak, M.J. and Elhames, A.S. (1990) Rainfall-Runoff Modeling of Amicrocatchment in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. I—Hydrological Measurements. IAHS Publ. No. 193.
[39]
Osterkamp, W.R., Lane, L.J. and Savard, C.S. (1994) Recharge Estimates Using a Geomorphic Distributed-Parameter Simulation Approach. Amargosa River Basin, 30, 493-507.
[40]
Al Dousari, S.A. and Al Ghadban, A.N. (2007) Sustainable Fresh Water Resources Management in Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress.
[41]
Milewski, A., Sultan M., Yan, E.B., Becker, R., Abdeldayem, A., Soliman F. and Abdel Gelil, K. (2009) A Remote Sensing Solution for Estimating Runoff and Recharge in Arid Environments. Journal of Hydrology, 373, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.002
[42]
Shadeed, S. and Al Masri, M. (2010) Application of GIS-Based SCS-CN Method in West Bank Catchments, Palestine. Water Science and Engineering, 3, 1-13.
[43]
Abushandi, E. and Merkel, B. (2011) Modeling Rainfall Runoff Relations Using HEC-HMS and IHACRES for a Single Rain Event in an Arid Region of Jordan. Water Resources Management, 27, 2391-2409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0293-4
[44]
Sherif, M.M., Mohamed, M.M., Shetty, A. and Almulla, M. (2011) Rainfall Runoff Modeling of Three Wadis in the Northern Area of UAE. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 16, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000280
[45]
Subyani, A.M. and Al-Ahmadi, F.S. (2011) Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in the Al-Madinah Area of Western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 19, 1-13.
[46]
Ponce, V.M. and Hawkins, R.H. (1996) Runoff Curve Number: Has It Reached Maturity? Journal of Hyrologic Engineering, 1, 9-20.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:1(11)
[47]
Janjou, D., Halawani, M.A., Al-Muallem, M.S., Brosse, J.M., Becq-Giraudon, J.F., Dagain, J., Genna, A., Razin, P., Roobol, M.J., Shorbaji, H. and Wyns, R. (1997) Geologic Map of the Tabuk Quadrangle, Sheet 28B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (with Text): Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources. Jiddah, Geoscience Map GM-137.
[48]
Powers, R.W., Ramirez, L.F., Redomond, C.D. and Elberg, E.L. (1966) Geology of the Arabian Peninsula, Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-D, 147.
[49]
Parson-Basil Consultants (1967) Agricultural and Water Resources: The Great Nafud Sedimentary Basin. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh.
[50]
Lloyd, J.W. (1969) The Hydrogeology of the Southern Desert of Jordan. UNDP/FAO Publ. Tech. Rep. 1., Spec. Fund 212, Rome.
[51]
Al Watban, N.F. (1976) Groundwater Potentiality of Tabuk and Saq Aquifers in Qasim Region. MSc Thesis, Institute of Applied Geology, Jeddah.
[52]
Glintzboeckel, C. (1981) A Tentative Synopsis of the Geology of the Saudi Arabian Sedimentary Basin in Relation to Phosphate Prospecting. Report BRGM-OF-01-23, Jeddah.
[53]
Burdon, D.J. (1982) Hydrogeological Conditions in the Middle East. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 15, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1982.015.02.01
[54]
Lozej, G.P. (1983) Geological and Geochemical Reconnaissance Exploration of the Cover Rocks in Northwestern Hijaz. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report RF-OF-03-2, Jeddah.
[55]
Laboun, A.A. (1986) Stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Paleozoic Succession of Both the Widyan and Tabuk Basins, Arabia. In: Halbouty, M., Ed., Future Petroleum Provinces of the World, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir No. 50, 373-394.
[56]
Garfield, L.P. (1984) Mineralisation in Cover Rock Type Shelf-Sediments of the Tethys Margins. Report Riofinex, File RF-DF-01-29, Jeddah.
[57]
Williams, P.L., Vaslet, D., Johnson, P.R., Berthiaux, A., Le Start, P. and Fourniguet, J. (1987) Geologic Map of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, Sheet 26F, Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (with Text): Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources. Jeddah, Geoscience Map GM-98A. (Scale 1: 250,000)
[58]
Dafalla, M.A. and Al-Shamrani, M.A. (2014) Swelling Characteristics of Saudi Tayma Shale and Consequential Impact on Light Structures. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 8, 613-623.
[59]
Van Der Merwe, D.H. (1964) The Prediction of Heave from the Plasticity Index and Percentage Clay Fraction of Soil. South African Institute of Civil Engineers, 6, 103-107.
[60]
Sridharan, A. and Prakash, K. (2000) Classification Procedures for Expansive Soils. Geotechnical Engineering, 143, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2000.143.4.235
[61]
Mitchell, J.K. and Soga, K. (2005) Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
[62]
Embaby, A.A., Abu Halawa, A. and Ramadan, M. (2017) An Experimental Study to Mitigate Swelling Pressure of Expansive Tabuk Shale, Saudi Arabia. In Press.
