Quantum
cryptography exploits the quantum mechanical properties of communication lines
to enhance the security of the so-called key distribution. In this work, we
explain the role played by quantum mechanics in cryptographic tasks and also
investigate how secure is quantum cryptography. More importantly, we show by a
simple security proof that for any state sent by the sender, the eavesdropper
can only guess the output state with a probability that will allow her not to
learn more than half of the classical Shannon information shared between the
legitimate parties. This implies that with high probability, the shared key is
secure.
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