金刚烷的形成演化及其在油气勘探领域的应用
Generation and Thermal Evolution of Diamondoids and Their Application in Oil and Gas Exploration

DOI: 10.12677/JOGT.2016.382009, PP. 1-12

Keywords: 金刚烷，油气勘探，成熟度，生物降解，原油裂解，有机相
Diamondoids, Oil-Gas Exploration, Maturity, Biodegradation, Oil Cracking, Organic Facies

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Abstract:

金刚烷具有独特的笼型分子结构，较强的热稳定性和抗生物降解能力，在油气勘探领域具有广阔的应用前景。现阶段对于其成因的认识有限，一般认为单金刚烷是在地下黏土矿物(如蒙脱石)的催化作用下，油气中的多环烷烃通过异构化和重排作用形成，而高级别的金刚烷则是通过低级别的同系物在高温高压下聚合而成。实际地质样品和模拟试验均证实，金刚烷在地质体中的热演化一般分为生成–富集–分解破坏3个主要的阶段。在油气勘探领域，现阶段主要应用于原油和烃源岩成熟度的判识，但金刚烷参数作为成熟度指标需要考虑其适用范围及其他影响因素。金刚烷在原油生物降解和裂解程度的表征以及有机相的判识等方面的应用还处于探索阶段。进一步深化其成因和热演化规律认识，并追踪相关认识在各种地质条件下的应用效果，是拓展金刚烷类在油气勘探领域应用的关键。
Diamondoids had special cage-like molecular structure with stronger thermal stability and strong anti-biodegradation capability. It had a broad application prospect in oil and gas exploration. At present stage, the understanding of its genesis was limited. It was generally acknowledged that diamondoids were created via carbocation mediated rearrangements arising if newly generated petroleum was reacted with superacid sites of naturally occurring clay minerals such as montmo-rillonite, and the higher order diamondoid homologues were considered to be formed from lower homologues in a polymerization like process at extreme temperature and pressure conditions. The research results of real geological sample and the simulation experiment indicated that there were three main evolution phases of diamondoids in geologic body, such as its generation- enrichment-decomposition and destruction. At this stage, it was used for the judgement of the maturity index of the source rock and petroleum. For the maturity index, one thing to note was the range of application and other influential factors. The applications in determining biodegradation and natural oil cracking degree, and the organic facies researching are in exploratory phase. Fur-ther researching its genesis and thermal evolution regulation and analyzing the application effect under various geological conditions are the key factors for expanding the applications of diamon-doids in oil and gas exploration.

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