共情与攻击的关系
Relationship between Empathy and Aggression

DOI: 10.12677/AP.2016.66085, PP. 653-663

Keywords: 认知共情，情感共情，综合情绪系统，综合认知模型，精神病态，罪犯矫治
Cognitive Empathy, Emotional Empathy, Integrated Emotion Systems, Integrated Cognitive Model, Psychopathy, Offender Correction

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

共情在个体社会性发展中起重要作用。共情与攻击的关系会受诸多变量的影响，如年龄、性别、性取向和挑衅等。关于精神病态的整合情感系统理论和阐释攻击的综合认知模型有利于认识共情与攻击的关系。前额叶和杏仁核的功能缺陷或两者之间的功能连接问题可能导致个体出现低共情和高攻击行为。未来研究需要探究不同类型品行障碍青少年的共情特点及其神经生理机制，共情与网络攻击的关系需要关注。在罪犯矫治过程中需要根据不同类型罪犯的共情特点进行有针对性的共情训练，以最大限度地减少其犯罪的再发生。
Empathy plays a vital role in the social development. The inhibitory role of empathy on aggression was modulated by some factors, including age, gender, sex orientation and provocation et al. The in-tegrated emotion system of psychopath and integrated cognitive model of aggression, to some extent, explained the mechanism underlying the relationship between empathy and aggression. Future study should explore the neural mechanism of empathy in conduct disorder, and the relationship between empathy and cyber aggression. In the psychotherapy of offenders, the psychopathy and sex offender should be trained in empathy in order to minimize the possibility of reoffending.

References

[1]	陈晶, 关梅林, 张建新(2005). 共情与亲社会和反社会行为的关系. 中国心理卫生协会青少年心理卫生专业委员会第九届全国学术年会论文集.
[2]	宋平(2011). 共情对反应性攻击影响的ERP证据. 硕士论文, 中国政法大学, 北京.
[3]	Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among Adolescents: The Role of Affective and Cognitive Em-pathy, and Gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41, 387-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
[4]	Baron, R. A. (1979). Effects of Victim’s Pain Cues, Victim’s Race, and Level of Prior Instigation upon Physical Aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 103-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00797.x
[5]	Benson, J. E., Sabbagh, M. A., Carlson, S. M., & Zelazo, P. D. (2012). Individual Differences in Executive Functioning Predict Preschoolers’ Improvement from Theory-of-Mind Training.
[6]	Blair, R. (2008). The Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Functional Contributions and Dys-function in Psychopathy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 2557-2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0027
[7]	Blair, R. J. R. (2007). The Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Morality and Psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 387-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.07.003
[8]	Blair, R. J. R., Budhani, S., Colledge, E., & Scott, S. (2005). Deaf-ness to Fear in Boys with Psychopathic Tendencies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 327-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00356.x
[9]	Blair, R., & Cipolotti, L. (2000). Impaired Social Response Reversal. Brain, 123, 1122-1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.6.1122
[10]	Bock, E. M., & Hosser, D. (2013). Empathy as a Predictor of Reci-divism among Young Adult Offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1-15.
[11]	Brook, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2013). Im-paired Cognitive Empathy in Criminal Psychopathy: Evidence from a Laboratory Measure of Empathic Accuracy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030261
[12]	Camí, J., Farré, M., Mas, M., Roset, P. N., Poudevida, S., Mas, A., & de la Torre, R. (2000). Human Pharmacology of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymeth-Amphetamine (“Ecstasy”): Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Effects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200008000-00010
[13]	Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring Individual Differences in Empathy: Evidence for a Multidimensional Approach. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 44, 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
[14]	Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Westview Press.
[15]	Day, A., Mohr, P., Howells, K., Gerace, A., & Lim, L. (2011). The Role of Empathy in Anger Arousal in Violent Offenders and University Students. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Cri-minology.
[16]	Decety, J. (2011). The Neuroevolution of Empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x
[17]	Decety, J., Michalska, K. J., Akitsuki, Y., & Lahey, B. B. (2009). Atypical Empathic Responses in Adolescents with Aggressive Conduct Disorder: A Functional MRI Investigation. Biological Psychology, 80, 203-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.09.004
[18]	Dougherty, D. D., Rauch, S. L., Deckersbach, T., Marci, C., Loh, R., Shin, L. M. et al. (2004). Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala Dysfunction during an AngerInduction Positron Emission Tomography Study in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Anger Attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 795-804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.795
[19]	Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The Relation of Empathy to Prosocial and Related Behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
[20]	Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empa-thy-Related Responding: Associations with Prosocial Behavior, Aggression, and Intergroup Relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4, 143-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
[21]	Eisenberger, N. I., Taylor, S. E., Gable, S. L., Hilmert, C. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural Pathways Link Social Support to Attenuated Neuroendocrine Stress Responses. NeuroImage, 35, 1601-1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.038
[22]	Ellis, P. L. (1982). Empathy: A Factor in Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 123-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00915957
[23]	Eme, R. (2009). Male Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Review of Neurodevelopmental Factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 348-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.003
[24]	Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1969). The Relationship between Empathy and Aggression in Two Age Groups. Developmental Psychology, 1, 102-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027016
[25]	Gill, K. L., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). Do Aggressive/Destructive Toddlers Lack Concern for Others? Behavioral and Physiological Indicators of Empathic Responding in 2-Year-Old Children. De-velopment and Psychopathology, 15, 55-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457940300004X
[26]	Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J. A., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The Development of Concern for Others in Children with Behavior Problems. Developmental Psy-chology, 36, 531-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.531
[27]	Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2012). Revisiting the Role of Em-pathy in Childhood Pathways to Antisocial Behavior. E-Motions, Imagination, and Moral Reasoning (pp. 45-70). New York: Psychology Press.
[28]	Hinchey, F. S., & Gavelek, J. R. (1982). Empathic Responding in Children of Battered Mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 6, 395-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(82)90083-7
[29]	Hornak, J., Rolls, E., & Wade, D. (1996). Face and Voice Ex-pression Identification in Patients with Emotional and Behavioural Changes Following Ventral Frontal Lobe Damage. Neuropsychologia, 34, 247-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(95)00106-9
[30]	Iannotti, R. J. (1978). Effect of Role-Taking Experiences on Role Taking, Empathy, Altruism, and Aggression. Developmental Psychology, 14, 119-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.14.2.119
[31]	Inbal, B. A. B., Jean, D., & Peggy, M. (2011). Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats. Science, 334, 1427-1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210789
[32]	Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and Offending: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
[33]	Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Examining the Relationship between Low Empathy and Bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20154
[34]	Jones, A., Laurens, K., Herba, C., Barker, G., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala Hypoactivity to Fearful Faces in Boys with Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050
[35]	Kaukiainen, A., Bj？rkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., ？sterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). The Relationships between Social Intelligence, Empathy, and Three Types of Aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:2<81::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-M
[36]	LeSure-Lester, G. E. (2000). Relation between Empathy and Aggression and Behavior Compliance among Abused Group Home Youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 31, 153-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001900727156
[37]	Lotze, M., Veit, R., Anders, S., & Birbaumer, N. (2007). Evidence for a Different Role of the Ventral and Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex for Social Reactive Aggression: An Interactive fMRI Study. NeuroImage, 34, 470-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.028
[38]	Loudin, J. L., Loukas, A., & Robinson, S. (2003). Relational Aggression in College Students: Examining the Roles of Social Anxiety and Empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.10039
[39]	Lovett, B. J., & Sheffield, R. A. (2007). Affective Empathy Deficits in Aggressive Children and Adolescents: A Critical Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.003
[40]	Marsh, A. A., & Blair, R. (2008). Deficits in Facial Affect Recogni-tion among Antisocial Populations: A Meta-Analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 454-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.003
[41]	Marshall, W., Hudson, S., Jones, R., & Fernandez, Y. M. (1995). Empathy in Sex Offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 99-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(95)00002-7
[42]	Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The Relation of Empathy to Aggressive and Externalizing/Antisocial Behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324
[43]	Mu？oz, L. C., Qualter, P., & Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and Bullying: Exploring the Influence of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 183-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0206-1
[44]	Nitschke, J., Istrefi, S., Osterheider, M., & Mokros, A. (2012). Empathy in Sexually Sadistic Offenders: An Experimental Comparison with Non-Sadistic Sexual Offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35, 165-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.02.003
[45]	Ojanen, T., & Kiefer, S. (2013). Instrumental and Reactive Functions and Overt and Relational Forms of Aggression: Developmental Trajectories and Prospective Associations during Middle School. International Journal of Behavioral Development.
[46]	Polk, W. (1976). Perceptual Orientation, Empathy, and the Inhibition of Aggression. Doctoral Dissertation, Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University.
[47]	Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and Relational Aggression in Adolescents: Social-Psychological Adjustment of Aggressors and Victims. Journal of Clinical Child & Psychology, 30, 479-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_05
[48]	Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Low Resting Heart Rate at Age 3 Years Predisposes to Aggression at Age 11 Years: Evidence From the Mauritius Child Health Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1457-1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199710000-00029
[49]	Richardson, D. R., Hammock, G. S., Smith, S. M., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a Cognitive Inhibitor of Interpersonal Aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 275-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:4<275::AID-AB2480200402>3.0.CO;2-4
[50]	Sergeant, M. J., Dickins, T. E., Davies, M. N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2006). Aggression, Empathy and Sexual Orientation in Males. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 475-486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.002
[51]	Shechtman, Z. (2002). Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Aggressive Boys: Implications for Counseling. International Journal for the Ad-vancement of Counselling, 24, 211-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023316712331
[52]	Shirtcliff, E. A., Vitacco, M. J., Graf, A. R., Gostisha, A. J., Merz, J. L., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009). Neurobiology of Empathy and Callousness: Impli-cations for the Development of Antisocial Behavior. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27, 137-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.862
[53]	Simons, D., Wurtele, S. K., & Heil, P. (2002). Childhood Victimization and Lack of Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Offending against Women and Children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1291-1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626002237857
[54]	Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009). The Social Neuroscience of Em-pathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 81-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x
[55]	Sterzer, P., Stadler, C., Krebs, A., Kleinschmidt, A., & Poustka, F. (2005). Abnormal Neural Responses to Emotional Visual Stimuli in Adolescents with Conduct Disorder. Bio-logical Psychiatry, 57, 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.008
[56]	Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Empathy and Observed Anger and Aggression in Five-Year-Olds. Social Development, 13, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00254.x
[57]	Teten, A. L., Miller, L. A., Bailey, S. D., Dunn, N. J., & Kent, T. A. (2008). Empathic Deficits and Alexithymia in Trauma-Related Impulsive Aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 26, 823-832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.843
[58]	Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2013). The (Non)Relation between Empathy and Aggression: Surprising Results from a Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 751-773.
[59]	Varker, T., Devilly, G. J., Ward, T., & Beech, A. R. (2008). Empathy and Adolescent Sexual Offenders: A Review of the Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 251-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.006
[60]	Vollenweider, F. X., Gamma, A., Liechti, M., & Huber, T. (1998). Psychological and Cardiovascular Effects and Short-Term Sequelae of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) in MDMA-Na？ve Healthy Volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 241-251.
[61]	Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2008). The Cognitive Basis of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression: An Integrative Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 3-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868307309874
[62]	Yeo, L. S., Ang, R. P., Loh, S., Fu, K. J., & Karre, J. K. (2011). The Role of Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression of a Singaporean Sample of Boys. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 313-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.568986

Full-Text