Deposits
of the Qom Formation (Oligocene-Miocene) in Rameh section are locatedin northeastern
Garmsar and contain dominantly 420 m Limestone, pebble-rich to sandy Limestone
and marl Limestone. This formation is unconformably overlaid and underlaid with
siliciclastic deposits of Upper Red Formation and Lower Red Formation. Field
observations, along with laboratory investigations, have resulted in
identifying tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine environments in the
studied formation. Open marine facies association consists of bioclast
mudstone, bioclast wackestone, bioclast packstone and bioclast roadstone; shoal facies
association consists of ooid grainstone, bioclast grainstone and coral
boundstone; lagoon facies associationis
composed of dolomitic mudstone, intraclast bioclast wackestone and bioclast packstone; and tidal flat facies associationis sandy
dolomudstone and stromatolite boundstone. The qom formation rocks in Rameh
section are deposited in a rimmed shelf carbonate ramp. This formation
undergoes various diagenetic processes including dissolution, porosity,
cementation, micritization, compaction and dolomitization.
Dunham, R.J. (1962) Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture, In: Ham, W.E., Ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 108-121.
[3]
Embry, A.F. and Klovan, J.E. (1971) A Late Devonian Reef Tract on Northeasterm Banks Island. Canadian Petroleum Geology, 19, 730-781.
[4]
Middleton, G.V. (1973) Johannes Walther’s Law of Correlation of Facies. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84, 979-988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<979:JWLOTC>2.0.CO;2
[5]
Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P. (1990) Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, 482 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444314175
[6]
Flügel, E. (2010) Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03796-2
[7]
Carozzi, A.V. (1980) Carbonate Rock Depositional Modle: A Microfacies Approach. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 604 p.
[8]
Lasemi, Y. and Carozzi, A.V. (1981) Carbonate Microfacies and Depositional Environments of the Kinkaid Formation (Upper Mossissippian) of the Illinois Basian, USA, VLL. Congreso Geologico Argentino, San Luis, Aclas II, 357-384.
[9]
Heckle, P.H. (1972) Possible Inorganic Origin for Stromatactis in Calcilutite Mounds in the Tully Limestone, Devonian of New York. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 42, 7-18.
[10]
Wilson, J.L. (1975) Carbonate Facies in Geological History. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 471 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6383-8
[11]
Flügel, E. (1982) Microfacies Analysis of Limestone. Springer-Velag, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68423-4
[12]
Sanders, D. and Hofling, R. (2000) Carbonate Deposition in Mixed Siliciclastic Carbonate Environments on Top of an Orogenic Wedge (Late Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Sedimentary Geology, 137, 127-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00084-1
[13]
Dill, H.G., Khishigsuren, S., Melcher, F., Bulgamaa, J., Bolorma, Kh., Botz, R. and Schwarz-Schampera, U. (2007) Facies-Related Diagenetic Alteration in Lacustrine-Deltaic Red Beds of the Paleogene Ergeliin Zoo Formation (Erdene Sum Area, S. Gobi, Mongolia). Journal of Sedimentary Geology, 181, 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.06.007
[14]
Wisler, L., Funk, H. and Weissert, H. (2003) Response to Early Cretaceous Carbonate Platform to Change in Atmospheric Carbonate Dioxide Level. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 200, 187-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00450-4
[15]
Adabi, M.H. and Mehmandosti, A.E. (2008) Microfacies and Geochemistry of the Ilam Formation in the Tang-E-Rashid Area, Izeh, S.W. Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33, 267-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.01.002
[16]
Shi, G.R. and Chen Z.Q. (2006) Lower Permian Oncolites from South China: Implications for Equatorial Sea-Level Responses to Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan Glaciations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26, 424-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.10.009
Ahmad, A.H.M., Bhat, G.M. and Azim Khan, M.H. (2006) Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Kuldhar and Keera Dome Carbonates (Late Bathonian-Early Callovian) of Western India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 765-778.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.013
[19]
Collins, L.S. (1988) The Faunal Structure of a Mid-Cretaceous Rudist Reef Core. Lethaia, 21, 271-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb02079.x
[20]
James, N.P. (1991) Diagenesis of Carbonate Sediments. A Short Course of Geological Society of Australia. Sedimentologist Sepcialist Group, 194.
[21]
Booler, J. and Tucker, M. E. (2002) Distribution and Geometry of Facies and Early Diagenesis: The Key to Accommodation Space Variation and Sequence Stratigraphy: Upper Cretaceous Congost Carbonate Platform, Spanish Pyrenees. Sedimentary Geology, 146, 225-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00120-8
[22]
Carannante, G., Ruberti, D., Simone, L. and Vigliotti, M. (2007) Cenomanian Carbonate Depositional Settings: Case Histories from the Central-Southern Apennines (Italy). In: Scott, R., Eds., Cretaceous Rudist and Carbonate Platform: Environment Feedback, SEPM Special Publication No. 87, 11-26.
Samankassou, E., Tresch, J. and Strasser, A. (2005) Origin of Peloids in Early Cretaceous deposits, Dorset, South England. Facies, 51, 264-273.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10347-005-0002-8
[25]
Adachi, N., Ezaki, Y. and Liu, J. (2004) The Origins of Peloids Immediately after the End-Permian Extinction, Guizhou Province, South China. Sedymentary Geology, 164, 161-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.10.007
[26]
El-Azabi, M.H. and El-Araby, A. (2007) Depositional Framework and Sequence Stratigraphic Aspects of the Coniacian Santonian Mixed Siliciclastic/Carbonate Matulla Sediments in Nezzazat and Ekma Blocks, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 47, 179-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.02.002
[27]
Tucker, M.E. (2001) Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction to the Origion of Sedimentary Rocks. Blackwell Scientific Publication, London, 260 p.
[28]
Alsharhan, A.S. and Kendall, C.G.ST.C. (2003) Holocene Coastal Carbonates and Evaporites of the Southern Arabian Gulf and Their Ancient Analogues. Earth Science Review, 61, 191-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00110-1
[29]
Glumac, B. and Walker, K.R. (1998) A Late Cambrian Positive Carbon-Isotope Excursion in the Southern Appalachians: Relation to Biostratigraphy, Sequence Stratigraphy, Environments of Deposition and Diagenesis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 1212-1222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.68.1212
[30]
Allwood, A.C., Walter, M.R., Kamber, B.S., Marshall, C.P. and Burch, I.W. (2009) Stromatolite Reef from the Early Archaean Era of Australia. Nature, 441, 714-718.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04764
[31]
Altermann, W. (2008) Accretion, Trapping and Binding of Sediment in Archean Stromatolites—Morphological Expression of the Antiquity of Life. Space Science Reviews, 135, 55-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9292-1
[32]
Riding, R. (2008) Microbial Carbonates: The Geological Record of Calci?ed Bacterial-Algal mats and Bio?lms. Sedimentology, 47, 179-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00003.x
[33]
Walter, L.M. (1983) Relative Ractivity of Skeletal Carbonates during Dissolution: Implications for Diagenesis, in Carbonate Cements. In: Schneidermann, N. and Harris, P.M., Eds., Sociery of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogisis, Special Publication No. 36, 3-16.
[34]
Irwin, M.L. (1965) General Theory of Epeiric Clear Water Sedimentation. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49, 445-459.
[35]
Read, J.F. (1985) Carbonate Platform Facies Models. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 69, 1-12.
[36]
Carozzi, A.V. (1989) Carbonate Rocks Depositional Model. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 604 p.
[37]
Einsele, G. (2000) Sedimentary Basin: Evolution, Facies and Sediment Budget. 2th Edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04029-4
[38]
Lasemi, Y. (1379) Platform Carbonates of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran-Facies, Palaeoenvironments and Sequences. Sedimentary Geology, 99, 151-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00041-6
[39]
Kenter, J.A.M., Harris, P.M. and Della Porta, G. (2005) Steep Microbial Boundstonedominated Platfor Margins-Example Implications. Sedimentary Geology, 178, 5-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.12.033
