The aim of this
study was to review the changes in distribution of bacterial populations and
their antibiotic sensitivity over 12 years in a tertiary care burn unit.
Understanding the periodic variation of isolated microorganisms and their
antibiotic sensitivity helps in selecting the appropriate antimicrobial therapy
before culture and sensitivity are reported. It also aids the design of antibiotics
protocols. The study was retrospective. The data were obtained from the
computerised hospital medical record system and the burn unit records. Overall, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most
commonly isolated microorganism followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Meticillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
and the genus Acinetobacter. Acinetobacter isolation rose rapidly
and became more prevalent than P. aeruginosa over the last three years.
Other organisms became isolated more
frequently, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, but their overall prevalence
was low. Pseudomonas species
frequency of isolation declined. P. aeruginosa,MRSA, and other microorganisms showed increasing
sensitivity to a number of antibiotics. MRSA remained
References
[1]
Garcia Bernal, F.J., Torrero, V., Regalado, J. and Gabilondo, F.J. (2000) Bacteriology in Burn Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation. Burns, 26, 731-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(00)00055-3
[2]
Revathi, G., Puri, J. and Jain, B.K. (1998) Bacteriology of Burns. Burns, 24, 347-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(98)00009-6
[3]
Fadeyibi, I.O., Raji, M.A., Ibrahim, N.A., Ugburo, A.O. and Ademiluyi, S. (2013) Bacteriology of Infected Burn Wounds in the Burn Wards of a Teaching Hospital in Southwest Nigeria. Burns, 39, 168-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2012.02.005
[4]
Ozumba, U.C. and Jiburum, B.C. (2000) Bacteriology of Burn Wounds in Enugu, Nigeria. Burns, 26, 178-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(99)00075-3
[5]
Lawrence, J.C. (1992) Burn Bacteriology during the Last 50 Years. Burns, 18, S23-S29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(92)90066-4
[6]
Guggenheim, M., Thurnheer, T., Gmür, R., Giovanoli, P. and Guggenheim, B. (2011) Validation of the Zürich Burn-Biofilm Model. Burns, 37, 1125-1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.05.017
[7]
Erol, S., Altoparlak, U., Akcay, M.N., Celebi, F. and Parlak, M. (2004) Changes of Microbial Flora and Wound Colonization in Burned Patients. Burns, 30, 357-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2003.12.013
[8]
Magnotti, L.J. and Deitch, E.A. (2005) Burns, Bacterial Translocation, Gut Barrier Function, and Failure. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 26, 383-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bcr.0000176878.79267.e8
[9]
Guggenheim, M., Zbinden, R., Handschin, A.E., Gohritz, A., Altintas, M.A. and Giovanoli, P. (2009) Changes in Bacterial Isolates from Burn Wounds and Their Antibiograms: A 20-Year Study (1986-2005). Burns, 35, 553-560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2008.09.004
[10]
Al-Busaidi, S., Mohammed, A., Murugan, V.K. and Thankappan, S. (2013) Colistin Effectiveness and Nephrotoxicity: Experience from a Tertiary Care Burns Unit in Oman. European Journal of Plastic Surgery, 36, 443-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00238-013-0827-2
[11]
Agnihotri, N., Gupta, V. and Joshi, R.M. (2004) Aerobic Bacterial Isolates from Burn Wound Infections and Their Antibiograms—A Five-Year Study. Burns, 30, 241-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2003.11.010
[12]
Mousa, H.A. (1997) Aerobic, Anaerobic and Fungal Burn Wound Infection. Journal of Hospital Infection, 37, 317-323.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(97)90148-1
[13]
Elmanama, A.A., Al Laham, N.A. and Tayh, G.A. (2013) Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Burn Units in Gaza. Burns, 39, 1612-1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.04.011
[14]
Singh, N.P., Goyal, R., Manchanda, V., Das, S., Kaur, I. and Talwar, V. (2003) Changing Trends in Bacteriology of Burns in the Burns Unit, Delhi, India. Burns, 29, 129-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(02)00249-8
[15]
Donati, L., Scamazzo, F., Gervasoni, M., Magliano, A., Stankov, B. and Fraschini, F. (1993) Infection and Antibiotic Therapy in 4000 Burned Patients Treated in Milan, Italy, between 1976 and 1988. Burns, 19, 345-348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(93)90125-R
[16]
Hodle, A.E., Richter, K.P. and Thompson, R.M. (2006) Infection Control Practices in US Burn Units. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 27, 142-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000203493.31642.79
[17]
Khorasani, G., Salehifar, E. and Eslami, G. (2008) Profile of Microorganisms and Antimicrobial Resistance at a Tertiary Care Referral Burn Centre in Iran: Emergence of Citrobacter freundii as a Common Microorganism. Burns, 34, 947-952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2007.12.008
[18]
Komolafe, O.O., James, J., Kalongolera, L. and Makoka, M. (2003) Bacteriology of Burns at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Burns, 29, 235-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(02)00273-5
[19]
Yemul, V.L. and Sengupta, S.R. (1981) Bacteriology of Burns. Burns, 7, 190-193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(81)90063-2
[20]
Keen, E.F., Robinson, B.J., Hospenthal, D.R., Aldous, W.K., Wolf, S.E., Chung, K.K. and Murray, C.K. (2010) Incidence and Bacteriology of Burn Infections at a Military Burn Center. Burns, 36, 461-468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2009.10.012
[21]
Wolf, S.E., Sterling, J.P., Hunt, J.L. and Arnoldo, B.D. (2011) The Year in Burns 2010. Burns, 37, 1275-1287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.10.001
[22]
Chong, S.J., Ahmed, S., Tay, J.M., Song, C. and Tan, T.T. (2011) 5 Year Analysis of Bacteriology Culture in a Tropical Burns ICU. Burns, 37, 1349-1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.07.020
[23]
Keen, E.F., Robinson, B.J., Hospenthal, D.R., Aldous, W.K., Wolf, S.E., Chung, K.K. and Murray, C.K. (2010) Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Recovered at a Military Burn Center. Burns, 36, 819-825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2009.10.013
[24]
Lautenbach, E. and Polk, R.E. (2007) Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: A Neglected Healthcare Crisis? American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 64, S3-S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070477
[25]
Edwards-Jones, V. and Greenwood, J.E. (2003) Manchester Burns Research Group. What’s New in Burn Microbiology? James Laing Memorial Prize Essay 2000. Burns, 29, 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(02)00203-6
[26]
Sun, F.J., Zhang, X.B., Fang, Y., Chen, J., Xing, H., Shi, H., Feng, W. and Xia, P. (2012) Spectrum and Drug Resistance of Pathogens from Patients with Burns. Burns, 38, 1124-1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2012.05.018
[27]
Rezaei, E., Safari, H., Naderinasab, M. and Aliakbarian, H. (2011) Common Pathogens in Burn Wound and Changes in Their Drug Sensitivity. Burns, 37, 805-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.019
[28]
Sanchez, G.V., Master, R.N., Clark, R.B., Fayyaz, M., Duvvuri, P., Ecta, G. and Bordon, J. (2013) Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998-2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19, 133-136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120310
[29]
Smith, T.L., Pearson, M.L., Wilcox, K.R., Cruz, C., Lancaster, M.V., Robinson-Dunn, B., Tenover, F.C., Zervos, M.J., Band, J.D., White, E. and Jarvis, M.R. (1999) Emergence of Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group, The New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 493-501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199902183400701
