[1] | UNICEF. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed—Progress Report 2013. New York: UNICEF; 2013. .
|
[2] | Bhutta ZA, Black RE. Global Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health—So Near and Yet So Far. N Engl J Med. 2013;369: 2226–35. doi: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1111853. pmid:24304052
|
[3] | Keusch GT, Fontaine O, Bhargave A, Boschi-Pinto C, Bhutta ZA, Gotuzzo E, et al. Diarrheal diseases. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2006: 371–87.
|
[4] | United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations; 2015. .
|
[5] | United Nations. Open Working Group Proposal for Sustainable Development Goals. New York: United Nations; 2013. .
|
[6] | De Hostos EL, Choy RK, Nguyen T. Developing novel antisecretory drugs to treat infectious diarrhea. Future Med Chem. 2011;3(10): 1317–25. doi: 10.4155/fmc.11.87. pmid:21859305
|
[7] | World Health Organization, UNICEF. End Preventable Deaths: Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. .
|
[8] | Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382(9888): 209–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2. pmid:23680352
|
[9] | Platts-Mills JA, Babji S, Bodhidatta L, Gratz J, Haque R, Havt A, et al. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(9): e564–75. doi: 10.1016/S2214–109X(15)00151–5. pmid:26202075
|
[10] | Agnew DG, Lima AA, Newman RD, Wuhib T, Moore RD, Guerrant RL, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: association with increased diarrhea morbidity. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(3): 754–60. pmid:9498458 doi: 10.1086/514247
|
[11] | Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four–seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61: 707–13. pmid:10586898
|
[12] | Alcantara CS, Yang CH, Steiner TS, Barrett LJ, Lima AA, Chappell CL, et al. Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lactoferrin in immunocompetent hosts with experimental and Brazilian children with acquired cryptosporidiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68(3): 325–28. pmid:12685639
|
[13] | Lang D, MAL-ED Network Investigators. Opportunities to assess factors contributing to the development of the intestinal microbiota in infants living in developing countries. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26: 28316. doi: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28316. pmid:26031686
|
[14] | Ajjampur SS, Sarkar R, Sankaran P, Kannan A, Menon VK, Muliyil J, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic Cryptosporidium infections in children in a semi-urban slum community in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83(5): 1110–5. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09–0644. pmid:21036847
|
[15] | Rheingans R, Kukla M, Adegbola RA, Debasish S, Omore R, Breiman RF, et al. Exploring household economic impacts of childhood diarrheal illnesses in 3 African settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(Suppl 4): S317–26. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis763. pmid:23169944
|
[16] | UNICEF. At a glance: Gambia. New York: UNICEF; updated 2013 December 26. .
|
[17] | UNICEF. Kenya. New York: UNICEF; updated 2013 December 27. .
|
[18] | UNICEF. Mali. New York: UNICEF; updated 2013 December 27. .
|
[19] | The World Bank Group. Health expenditure per capita (current US$). Washington: The World Bank Group; updated 2014. .
|
[20] | Tyzzer EE. A sporozoon found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Pro Soc Exp Biol Med. 1907;5: 12–13. doi: 10.3181/00379727-5-5
|
[21] | Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(4): 592–98. pmid:815126
|
[22] | Bird RG, Smith MD. Cryptosporidiosis in man: parasite life cycle and fine structural pathology. J Pathol. 1980;132(3): 217–33. pmid:7431158 doi: 10.1002/path.1711320304
|
[23] | Tzipori S, Smith M, Birch C, Barnes G, Bishop R. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital patients with gastroenteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983;32(5): 931–34. pmid:6625074
|
[24] | Tzipori S. Cryptosporidium: notes on epidemiology and pathogenesis. Parasitol Today. 1985;1(6): 159–65. pmid:15275573 doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(85)90174-7
|
[25] | Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(21): 1252–7. pmid:6843609 doi: 10.1056/nejm198305263082102
|
[26] | Holley HP Jr, Dover C. Cryptosporidium: a common cause of parasitic diarrhea in otherwise healthy individuals. J Infect Dis. 1986;153(2): 365–8. pmid:3944486 doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.365
|
[27] | Casemore DP, Sands RL, Curry A. Cryptosporidium species a “new” human pathogen. J Clin Pathol. 1985;38(12): 1321–36. pmid:3908490 doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.12.1321
|
[28] | Bogaerts J, Lepage P, Rouvroy D, Vandepitte J. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(5): 874–6. pmid:6210302
|
[29] | Checkley W, White AC Jr, Jagnath D, Arrowood MJ, Chalmers RM, Chen XM, et al. A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(1): 85–94. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8. pmid:25278220
|
[30] | Ryan U, Hijjawi N. New developments in Cryptosporidium research. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45(6): 367–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.009. pmid:25769247
|
[31] | Mead JR. Prospects for immunotherapy and vaccines against Cryptosporidium. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(6): 1505–13. doi: 10.4161/hv.28485. pmid:24638018
|
[32] | Egger M, M?usezahl D, Odermatt P. Symptoms and transmission of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65(4): 445–7. pmid:2346340 doi: 10.1136/adc.65.4.445
|
[33] | Sarkar R, Ajjampur SS, Prabakaran AD, Geetha JC, Sowmyanarayanan TV, Kane A, et al. Cryptosporidiosis among children in an endemic semiurban community in southern India: does a protected drinking water source decrease infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57: 398–406. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit288. pmid:23709650
|
[34] | Zwisler G, Simpson E, Moodley M. Treatment of diarrhea in young children: results from surveys on the perception and use of oral rehydration solutions, antibiotics, and other therapies in India and Kenya. J Glob Health. 2013;3(1): 010403. doi: 10.7189/jogh.03.010403. pmid:23826507
|
[35] | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites—Cryptosporidium. Treatment—Nitazoxanide. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; updated 2010 November 2. .
|
[36] | Rossignol JF, El-Gohary YM. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(10): 1423–30. pmid:17081163 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03128.x
|
[37] | Rossignol JF, Abu-Zekry M, Hussein A, Santoro G. Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9350): 124–9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68852-1
|
[38] | Rossignol JF, Lopez-Chegne N, Julcamoro LM, Carrion ME, Bardin MC. Nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of pediatric infectious diarrhea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106(3): 167–73. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.11.007. pmid:22301075
|
[39] | Hotez PJ. Could nitazoxanide be added to other essential medicines for integrated neglected tropical disease control and elimination? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(3): e2758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002758. pmid:24675990
|
[40] | Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, Watuka A, Sianongo S, Ayoub A, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9343): 1375–80. pmid:12423984 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11401-2
|
[41] | Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Usman NK, Hunter PR. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(4): 387–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02873.x. pmid:17335543
|
[42] | Policy Cures. G-FINDER 2014 Neglected Disease Research and Development: Emerging Trends. Sydney: Policy Cures; 2014. .
|
[43] | Light DW, Andrus JK, Warburton RN. Estimated research and development costs of rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine. 2009;27(47): 6627–33. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.077. pmid:19665605
|
[44] | Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis. 2001;184(1): 103–6. pmid:11398117 doi: 10.1086/321008
|
[45] | Rossignol JF, Kabil SM, El-Gohary Y, Younis AM. Effect of nitazoxanide in diarrhea and enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium species. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(3): 320–24. pmid:16527695 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.020
|
[46] | Amadi B, Mwiya M, Sianongo S, Payne L, Watuka A, Katubulushi M, et al. High dose prolonged treatment with nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9: 195. doi: 10.1186/1471–2334–9–195. pmid:19954529
|
[47] | Legrand F, Grenouillet F, Larosa F, Dalle F, Saas P, Millon L, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of digestive cryptosporidiosis in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective single centre study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(6): 858–62. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2010.200. pmid:20729925
|
[48] | Hong DK, Wong CJ, Gutierrez K. Severe cryptosporidiosis in a seven-year-old renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11(1): 94–100. pmid:17239130 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2006.00593.x
|
[49] | Downey AS, Chong CR, Graczyk TK, Sullivan DJ. Efficacy of pyrvinium pamoate against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(9): 3106–12. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00207–08. pmid:18591280
|
[50] | Bessoff K, Sateriale A, Lee KK, et al. Drug repurposing screen reveals FDA-approved inhibitors of human HMG-CoA reductase and isoprenoid synthesis that block Cryptosporidium parvum growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(4): 1808–14. doi: 10.1128/aac.02460-12
|
[51] | Debnath A, Ndao M, Reed SL. Reprofiled drug targets ancient protozoans: drug discovery for parasitic diarrheal diseases. Gut Microbes. 2013;4(1): 66–71. doi: 10.4161/gmic.22596. pmid:23137963
|
[52] | Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White AC Jr, Ojo KK, Vidadala RS, Zhang Z, Reid MC, et al. A novel calcium-dependent protein kinase inhibitor as a lead compound for treating cryptosporidiosis. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(8): 1342–8. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit327. pmid:23878324
|
[53] | Gorla SK, McNair NN, Yang G, Gao S, Hu M, Jala VR, et al. Validation of IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors in a mouse model of cryptosporidiosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(3): 1603–14. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02075–13. pmid:24366728
|
[54] | Guo F, Zhang H, Fritzler JM, et al. Amelioration of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo by targeting parasite fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetasis. J Infect Dis. 2014:209(8): 1279–87. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit645. pmid:24273180
|
[55] | Sonzogni-Desautels K, Renteria A, Camargo F, et al. Oleylphosphocholine (OIPC) arrests Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro and prevents lethal infection in interferon gamma receptor knock-out mice. Front Microbiol. 2015;6: 973. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00973. pmid:26441906
|
[56] | Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum active chemical series by Repurposing the open access malaria box. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(5): 2731–9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02641–13. pmid:24566188
|