Objective: The objective
is to establish the presence of JC and/or BK polyomavirus in HIV patients with
symptoms of encephalitis and/or meningitis. Methodology: From September 2009 to
December 2011, a prospective study was conducted. 34 HIV patients with symptoms
consistent with encephalitis and/or meningitis were included. The work was
conducted in 3 hospitals in the city of Monteria. Viral DNA extraction was
performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using a commercial kit
(Quiagen, USA). The detection of BKV and JCV was performed by multiplex real-time
PCR (LightMix?, Roche Diagnostics, Germany) with primers specific for the
short t antigen gene fragment, labeled probes and one internal control.
Results: In 9 (26%) of 34 patients included in the study, JCV virus was
detected; only 1 (3%) patient had coinfection with JCV/BKV. The mortality rate
was 3%. The cytochemical examination of CSF in positive patients presented
average values: 40.7 mg/dL glucose, 171.66 mg/dL protein, 19.8 mm3 leukocytes,
and 109.8 mm3erythrocytes.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that JCV and BKV have a significant
occurrence in HIV patients with CSF infections in Monteria.
References
[1]
Pinto, M. and Dobson, S. (2014) BK and JC Virus: A Review. Journal of Infectio, 68, S2-S8.
[2]
Dekeyser, M., Francois, H., Beaudreuil, S. and Durrbach, A. (2015) Polyomavirus-Specific Cellular Immunity: From BK-Virus-Specific Cellular Immunity to BK-Virus-Associated Nephropathy? Frontiers in Immunology, 6, 307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00307
[3]
Jiang, M., Abend, J.R., Johnson, S.F. and Imperiale, M.J. (2009) The Role of Polyomaviruses in Human Disease. Virology, 384, 266-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.027
[4]
Nali, L.H., Centrone Cde, C., Urbano, P.R., et al. (2012) High Prevalence of the Simultaneous Excretion of Polyomaviruses JC and BK in the Urine of HIV-Infected Patients without Neurological Symptoms in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 54, 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652012000400004
[5]
De Gascun, C.F. and Carr, M.J. (2013) Human Polyomavirus Reactivation: Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment Approaches. Clinical & Developmental Immunology, 2013, Article ID: 373579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/373579
[6]
Behzad-Behbahani, A., Klapper, P.E., Vallely, P.J., Cleator, G.M. and Bonington, A. (2003) BKV-DNA and JCV-DNA in CSF of Patients with Suspected Meningitis or Encephalitis. Infection, 31, 374-378.
[7]
Machado, D.M., Fink, M.C., Pannuti, C.S., et al. (2011) Human Polyomaviruses JC and BK in the Urine of Brazilian Children and Adolescents Vertically Infected by HIV. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106, 931-935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000800006
[8]
Verbeeck, J., Van Assche, G., Ryding, J., et al. (2008) JC Viral Loads in Patients with Crohn’s Disease Treated with Immunosuppression: Can We Screen for Elevated Risk of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy? Gut, 57, 1393-1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.145698
[9]
Tan, C.S. and Koralnik, I.J. (2010) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Other Disorders Caused by JC Virus: Clinical Features and Pathogenesis. The Lancet Neurology, 9, 425-437.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70040-5
[10]
Boothpur, R. and Brennan, D.C. (2010) Human Polyomaviruses and Disease with Emphasis on Clinical BK and JC. Journal of Clinical Virology, 47, 306-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.12.006
[11]
Iannetta, M., Bellizzi, A., Lo Menzo, S., et al. (2013) HIV-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Longitudinal Study of JC Virus Non-Coding Control Region Rearrangements and Host Immunity. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19, 274-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-013-0167-9
[12]
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Informe del comportamiento en la notificación de vih-sida hasta el periodo epidemiológico 13 del ano 2014. Informe de Evento, FOR-R02.4000-001(2), 1-22.
http://www.ins.gov.co/lineas-de-accion/Subdireccion-Vigilancia/Informe%20de%20Evento%20Epidemiolgico/VIH%20SIDA%20%202014.pdf
[13]
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Dirección de Vigilancia y Analisis Del Riesgo en Salud Pública, Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA). Boletin epidemiologico semanal, Semana epidemiológica número 53 de 2014 (28 dic. al 03 ene 2015).
http://www.ins.gov.co/boletin-epidemiologico/Boletn%20Epidemiolgico/2014%20Boletin%20epidemiologico%20semana%2053.pdf
[14]
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Dirección de Vigilancia y Analisis Del Riesgo en Salud Pública, Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA). Estadísticas. Vigilancia rutinaria. Casos confirmados VIH/SIDA por departamento ano 2014. http://www.ins.gov.co/lineas-de-accion/Subdireccion-Vigilancia/sivigila/Paginas/vigilancia-rutinaria.aspx
[15]
Khalili, K. and Stoner, G.L. (2004) Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[16]
Triana, J., Reyes, M., Hernández, L., Mendoza, O., Salgado, S. and Becerra, G.P. (2014) Leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva asociada al uso de natalizumab en un paciente con esclerosis múltiple. Primer caso en Latinoamérica. Hospital de San José—Bogotá 2013. Acta Neurológica Colombiana, 30, 200-204.
[17]
Cadavid, D., Mesa, L., Schweineberg, J. and Posada, J.G. (2015) Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal and Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplant Recipients: Report of Three Cases. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 26, 94-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.148750
[18]
Venkatesan, A., Tunkel, A.R., Bloch, K.C., et al. (2013) Case Definitions, Diagnostic Algorithms, and Priorities in Encephalitis: Consensus Statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57, 1114-1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit458
[19]
Swanson II, P.A. and McGavern, D.B. (2015) Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Current Opinion in Virology, 11, 44-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.009
[20]
Republica de Colombia, Ministerio de Salud. Resolución No. 008430 del 4 de octubre del 1993. Por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud, 1993.
[21]
Wiedinger, K., Bitsaktsis, C. and Chang, S. (2014) Reactivation of Human Polyomaviruses in Immunocompromised States. Journal of NeuroVirology, 20, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0234-x
[22]
Karalic, D., Lazarevic, I., Knezevic, A., Cupic, M., Jevtovic, D. and Jovanovic, T. (2014) Distribution of JC Virus Genotypes among Serbian Patients Infected with HIV and in Healthy Donors. Journal of Medical Virology, 86, 411-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23796
[23]
Netravathi, M., Mahadevan, A., Satishchandra, P., et al. (2013) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Associated with HIV Clade C—Is Not Uncommon. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19, 198-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-013-0168-8
Palazzo, E. and Yahia, S.A. (2012) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Autoimmune Diseases. Joint Bone Spine, 79, 351-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.11.002
[26]
Wang, Y., Kirby, J.E. and Qian, Q. (2009) Effective Use of JC Virus PCR for Diagnosis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 58, 253-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.004432-0
[27]
Robaina, T.F., Mendes, G.S., Benati, F.J., et al. (2013) Polyomavirus in Saliva of HIV-Infected Children, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19, 155-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120563
[28]
Comar, M., Zanotta, N., Croci, E., et al. (2012) Association between the JC Polyomavirus Infection and Male Infertility. PLoS ONE, 7, e42880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042880
[29]
Behzad-Behbahani, A., Klapper, P.E., Vallely, P.J., Cleator, G.M. and Bonington, A. (2003) BKV-DNA and JCV-DNA in CSF of Patients with Suspected Meningitis or Encephalitis. Infection, 31, 374-378.
[30]
Siddiqi, O.K., Ghebremichael, M., Dang, X., et al. (2014) Molecular Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Zambian Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58, 1771-1777.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu191
