Natural gums can be tailored and used for the removal of toxic dyes like crystal violet via grafting techniques. However, grafting via microwave irradiation showed both higher yield and fast reaction kinetics as compared to conventional grafting. Silane modified nanoclay has been used to prepare acrylic acid grafted guar gum nanocomposites via microwave irradiation technique. The grafting was confirmed via infrared spectroscopy while XRD diffractograms suggested exfoliation of modified nanoclay in guar gum grafted acrylic acid. The reaction kinetic parameters have been optimized. The effect of nanoclay on swelling characteristics has been examined. The sensitivity of pH on swelling capabilities has also been assessed. The efficiency of the superabsorbent nanocomposite on the absorption of crystal violet dye has been studied. The superabsorbent nanocomposite loaded with 1.75% modified nanocaly was found to be optimal concentration for the removal of crystal violet dye.
References
[1]
Tiwari, A. and Prabaharan, M. (2010) An Amphiphilic Nanocarrier Based on Guar Gum-Graft-Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) for Potential Drug-Delivery Applications. Journal of Biomaterials Science, 21, 937-949.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856209X452278
[2]
Sharma, K., Kumar, V., Kaith, B.S., Som, S., Kumar, V., Pandey, A., Kalia, S. and Swart, H.C. (2015) Synthesis of Biodegradable Gum Ghatti Based Poly(methacrylic acid-aniline) Conducting IPN Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Amoxicillin Trihydrate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 54, 1982-1991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie5044743
[3]
Sharma, K., Kumar, V., Kaith, B.S., Som, S., Kumar, V., Pandey, A., Kalia, S. and Swart, H.C. (2015) Evaluation of a Conducting Interpenetrating Network Based on Gum Ghatti-G-Poly(acrylic acid-aniline) as a Colon-Specific Delivery System for Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Paracetamol. New Journal of Chemistry, 39, 3021-3034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4NJ01982B
[4]
Jassal, M. (2011) Design and Production Techniques for Hygiene Textiles. In: McCarthy, B.J., Ed., Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, 3-13.
[5]
Benedetti, M. (2011) Biodegradable Hygiene Products, In: McCarthy, B.J., Ed., Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, 68-84.
[6]
Singh, V.K., Banerjee, I., Agarwal, T., Pramanik, K., Bhattacharya, M.K. and Pal, K. (2014) Guar Gum and Sesame Oil Based Novel Bigels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 123, 582-592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.056
[7]
Finley, J,W., Soto-Vaca, A., Heimbach, J., Rao, T., Juneja, L.R., Slavin, J. and Fahey, G.C. (2013) Safety Assessment and Caloric Value of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 1756-1771.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf304910k
[8]
Guilherme, M.R., Aouada, F.A., Fajardo, A.R., Martins, A.F., Paulino, A.T., Davi, M.F.T., Rubira, A.F. and Muniz, E.C. (2015) Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Polysaccharides for Application in Agriculture as Soil Conditioner and Nutrient Carrier: A Review. European Polymer Journal, 72, 365-385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.017
[9]
Sharma, K., Kaith, B.S., Kumar, V., Kalia, S., Kumar, V., Som, S. and Swart, H.C. (2014) Gum Ghatti Based Novel Electrically Conductive Biomaterials: A Study of Conductivity and Surface Morphology. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 8, 267-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.30
[10]
Sharma, K., Kaith, B.S., Kumar, V., Kalia, S., Kumar, V., Som, S. and Swart, H.C. (2015) Synthesis, Characterization and Water Retention Study of Biodegradable Gum Ghatti-Poly(acrylic acid-aniline) Hydrogels. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 111, 20-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.012
[11]
Sharma, K., Kaith, B.S., Kumar, V., Kalia, S., Kumar, V. and Swart, H.C. (2014) Water Retention and Dye Adsorption Behavior of Gg-cl-poly(acrylic acid-aniline) Based Conductive Hydrogels. Geoderma, 232-234, 45-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.035
[12]
Dharela, R., Raj, L. and Chauhan, G.S. (2012) Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Studies of Guar Gum-Based pH, Temperature, and Salt Responsive Hydrogels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126, E259-E264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36983
[13]
Prabaharan, M. (2011) Prospective of Guar Gum and Its Derivatives as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 49, 117-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.022
[14]
Singh, V., Kumari, P.L., Tiwari, A. and Sharma, A.K. (2007) Alumina Supported Synthesis of Cassia marginata Gum-g-poly(acrylonitrile) under Microwave Irradiation. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 18, 379-385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.899
[15]
Singh, V. and Tiwari, A. (2008) Microwave-Accelerated Methylation of Starch. Carbohydrate Research, 43, 151-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.006
[16]
Singh, V., Srivastava, A. and Tiwari, A. (2009) Structural Elucidation, Modification and Characterization of Seed Gum from Cassia javahikai Seeds: A Non-Traditional Source of Industrial Gums. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 45, 293-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.06.007
[17]
Singha, V., Kumara, P. and Sanghi, R. (2012) Use of Microwave Irradiation in the Grafting Modification of Polysaccharides—A Review. Progress in Polymer Science, 37, 340-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.005
[18]
Sosnika, A., Gotelli, G. and Abraham, G.A. (2011) Microwave-Assisted Polymer Synthesis (MAPS) as a Tool in Biomaterials Science: How New and How Powerful. Progress in Polymer Science, 36, 1050-1078.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.001
[19]
Wang, W. and Wang, A. (2009) Synthesis and Swelling Properties of Guar Gum-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/Na-Montmorillonite Superabsorbent Nanocomposite. Journal of Composite Materials, 23, 2805-2819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998309345319
[20]
Kabiri, K., Omidian, H., Zohuriaan-Mehr, M.J. and Doroudiani, S. (2011) Superabsorbent Hydrogel Composites and Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymer Composites, 32, 277-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.21046
[21]
Yan, L., Chang, P.R., Zheng, P. and Ma, X. (2012) Characterization of Magnetic Guar Gum-Grafted Carbon Nanotubes and the Adsorption of the Dyes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 1919-1924.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.086
[22]
Ghorai, S., Sarkar, A.K., Panda, A.B. and Pal, S. (2013) Effective Removal of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Xanthan Gum/Silica Hybrid Nanocomposite as Adsorbent. Bioresource Technology, 144, 485-491.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.108
[23]
Mahdavinia, G.H. and Zhalebaghy, R. (2012) Removal Kinetic of Cationic Dye Using Poly(sodium acrylate)-Carrageenan/Na-Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Superabsorbents. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 3, 895-906.
[24]
Taunk, K. and Behari, K. (2006) Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Guar Gum. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 77, 39-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000705)77:1<39::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-Z
[25]
Reddy, T.T., Reddy, N.S. and Tammishetti, S. (2003) Synthesis and Characterization of Guar Gum-Graft-Polyacrylonitrile. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 14, 663-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.372
[26]
Kumar, A., Aerry, S., Saxena, A., De, A. and Mozumdar, S. (2012) Copper Nanoparticulates in Guar-Gum: A Recyclable Catalytic System for the Huisgen [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition of Azides and Alkynes without Additives under Ambient Conditions. Green Chemistry, 14, 1298-1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc35070j
[27]
Liu, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, J.P. and Wang, A.Q. (2013) Effect of Number of Grindings of Attapulgite on Enhanced Swelling Properties of the Superabsorbent Nanocomposites. Journal of Composite Materials, 47, 969-978.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312443398
[28]
Giri, A., Bhunia, T., Mishra, S.R., Goswami, L., Panda, A., Pal, S. and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2013) Acrylic Acid Grafted Guargum-Nanosilica Membranes for Transdermal Diclofenac Delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers, 91, 492-501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.035
[29]
Amuda, O.S., Olayiwola, A.O., Alade, A.O., Farombi, A.G. and Adebisi, S.A. (2014) Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Steam-Activated Carbon Produced from Lantana camara Stem. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, 1352-1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.513129
[30]
Bhanu, P. and Chauhan, S. (2011) Hybrid Nanomaterials. Wiley, Hoboken.
[31]
Sharma, K., Kaith, B.S., Kumar, V., Kumar, V., Som, S., Kalia, S. and Swart, H.C. (2013) Synthesis and Properties of Poly(acrylamide-aniline)-Grafted Gum Ghatti Based Nanospikes. RSC Advances, 3, 25830-25839.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44809f
[32]
Wang, W., Zhang, J. and Wang, A. (2009) Preparation and Swelling Properties of Superabsorbent Nanocomposites Based on Natural Guar Gum and Organo-Vermiculite. Applied Clay Science, 46, 21-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.07.001
[33]
Singha, A.S. and Rana, A.K. (2011) Kinetics Study on Acrylic Acid (AAc) Graft Copolymerized Cannabis Indica Fibre. Iranian Polymer Journal, 20, 913-919.
[34]
Kalia, S., Kumar, A. and Kaith, B.S. (2011) Sunn Hemp Cellulose Graft Copolymers Polyhydroxybutyrate Composites: Morphological and Mechanical Studies. Advanced Materials Letters, 2, 17-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2010.6130
[35]
Bardajee, G.R., Pourjavadi, A., Soleyman, R., Pourjavadi, A., Soleyman, R. and Ghavami, S. (2011) Salep-g-Poly(sodium acrylate)/Alumina as an Environmental-Sensitive Biopolymer Superabsorbent Composite: Synthesis and Investigation of Its Swelling Behavior. Advances in Polymer Technology, 31, 41-51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.20233
[36]
Chen, Y., Liu, Y.-F., Tan, H.-M. and Jiang, J.-X. (2008) Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Superabsorbent Polymer of N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Graft Copolymerized with Vinyl Monomers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72, 287-292.
[37]
Wang, Y., Wang, W., Shi, X. and Wang, A. (2013) A Superabsorbent Nanocomposite Based on Sodium Alginate and Illite/Smectite Mixed-Layer Clay. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 130, 161-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39141
[38]
Likhitha, M., Sailaja, R.R.N., Priyambika, V.S. and Ravibabu, M.V. (2014) Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Guar Gum Grafted Sodium Acrylate/Cloisite Superabsorbent Nanocomposites: Reaction Parameters and Swelling Characteristics. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 65, 500-508.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.008
[39]
Zhang, Y., Gu, Q., Yin, J., Wang, Z. and He, P. (2014) Effect of Organic Montmorillonite Type on the Swelling Behavior of Superabsorbent Nanocomposites. Advances in Polymer Technology, 33, Article ID: 21400.
[40]
Wang, W. and Wang, A. (2010) Preparation, Swelling and Water-Retention Properties of Crosslinked Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum. Advanced Materials Research, 96, 177-182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.96.177
[41]
Wang, Y., Zeng, L., Ren, X., Song, H. and Wang, A. (2010) Removal of Methyl Violet from Aqueous Solutions Using Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/Attapulgite Composite. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1, 7-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60068-1
