Since the 1990s, the intensification of capital accumulation, especially in its financial dimension, has been one of the keystones for the triumph of neoliberalism. Spanish neoliberal policies have focused on the flexibilization of the real estate sector, leading to the specialization in the secondary circuit of accumulation. This has generated a third real estate boom which has been accompanied with an outstanding housing bubble. The Balearic Islands are a paradigmatic case within these logics, tourist specialization being the main trigger of the process. In Palma, the region's capital, neoliberal urban planning policies have been implemented in order to convert it into a “successful city” within the global urban network competition. These policies have led to Palma's uneven geographical development through processes like gentrification, as is the case of the Gerreria, a neighborhood of Palma's city center. 1. Introduction Fernádez Durán [1] has defined the Spanish physical and social landscape transformation as an urban-development tsunami. The specialization of the Spanish capitalism in the secondary circuit of accumulation has been understood as the spatiotemporal solution to the crisis of the nineties [2]. (Harvey [3] introduced Marxist analysis in order to explain the capitalist urban process. According to Harvey [3], the secondary circuit of accumulation is based on two parts: the formation of fixed capital and the consumption fund. On the one hand, fixed capital consists in the physical framework which aids the production process, used over a long-time period. It is the machines and the factories, but also public works. On the second hand, the consumption fund comprises commodities that aid the production process, items enclosed within the consumption process, and others acting as physical framework for consumption. It is consumer durables and the built environment for consumption such as housing). The production of new space is subordinated to the logics of the regime of flexible accumulation through financialization, flexibility, and privatization. Since the nineties, the expansion of neoliberalism has involved the entrepreneurial turn of local governments, by playing a new role in the urban governance. Local governments, in conjunction with private agents and urban elites, have turned into promoters developers, producing the city based on competitive logics, in order to scale positions in the global urban hierarchy. In this sense, gentrification policies have been one of the main urban strategies that have driven cities towards success in the
References
[1]
R. Fernández Durán, El Tsunami Urbanizador Espa？ol y Mundial, Virus, Barcelona, 2006.
[2]
I. López and E. Rodríguez, Fin de Ciclo. Financiarización, Territorio y Sociedad de Propietarios en la Onda Larga del Capitalismo Hispano (1959-2010), Editorial Traficantes de Sue？os, Madrid, 2010.
[3]
D. Harvey, “The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 2, no. 1–4, pp. 101–131, 1978, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
[4]
D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2005.
[5]
J. M. Naredo, Raíces Económicas del Deterioro Ecológico y Social, Más Allá de Los Dogmas, Siglo XXI, Madrid, 2006.
[6]
O. Carpintero, “El poder financiero de los grandes grupos empresariales. Los nuevos 'creadores' de dinero',” in Economía, Poder y Megaproyectos, F. Aguilera and J. M. Naredo, Eds., pp. 79–123, Fundación César Manrique, Lanzarote, 2009.
[7]
D. Harvey, ？Estamos Realmente ante el fin del Neoliberalismo?vol. 41, Revista Herramienta, 2009, www.archivochile.com/Debate/crisis_08_09/crisis00135.pdf.
[8]
S. Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 2nd edition, 2001.
[9]
N. Smith, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy, Antipode, 2002.
[10]
N. Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, Basil Blackwell, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1984.
[11]
N. Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, Basil Blackwell, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1990.
[12]
N. Smith, The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City, Routledge, London, UK, 1996.
[13]
N. Brenner and N. Theodore, Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, Mass, USA, 2002.
[14]
J. Hackworth>, The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology and Development in American Urbanism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 2007.
[15]
D. Harvey, “The right to the city,” New Left Review, no. 53, pp. 23–40, 2008.
[16]
D. Harvey, El Nuevo Imperialismo, Akal, Cuestiones de Antagonismo, Madrid, Spain, 2004.
[17]
D. Harvey and N. Smith, Capital Financiero, Propiedad Inmobiliaria y Cultura, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2004.
[18]
S. González, “Trepando por la jerarquía urbana: nuevas formas de gobernanza neoliberal en Europa,” in Ciudades en la Sociedad de la Información, P. Vivas, R. Ribera, and F. González, Eds., no. 5, UOC Papers, 2007, http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/esp/gonzalez_sara.pdf.
[19]
J. Peck and A. Tickell, “Neoliberalizing space,” in Spaces of Neoliberalism Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, N. Brenner and N. Theodore, Eds., pp. 33–57, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2002.
[20]
J. M. Naredo and A. Montiel, El Modelo Inmobiliario Espa？ol y su Culminación en el Caso Valenciano, Icaria Editorial, Barcelona, 2011.
[21]
D. Harvey, “From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism,” Geografiska Annaler, vol. 71b, no. 1, pp. 3–17, 1989.
[22]
E. Swyngedouw, F. Moulaert, and A. Rodriguez, Neoliberal Urbanization in Europe: Large-Scale Urban Development Projects and the New Urban Policy, Antipode, 2002.
[23]
L. Lees, T. Slater, and E. Wyly, Gentrification, Routledge, London, UK, 2008.
[24]
N. Smith, “Blind man's buff, or Hamnett's philosophical individualism in search of gentrification,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 110–115, 1992.
[25]
L. Lees and D. Ley, “Introduction to special issue on gentrification and public policy,” Urban Studies, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2379–2384, 2008.
[26]
C. Hamnett, “Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001,” Urban Studies, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2401–2426, 2003.
[27]
C. Hamnett, “City centre gentrification: loft conversions in London's city fringe,” Urban Policy And Research, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 277–287, 2009.
[28]
C. Hamnett, “The blind men and the elephant: the explanation of gentrification,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 173–189, 1991.
[29]
C. Hamnett and D. Whitelegg, “Loft conversion and gentrification in London: from industrial to postindustrial land use,” Environment and Planning A, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 106–124, 2007.
[30]
E. Clark, “On blindness, centerpieces and complementarity in gentrification theory,” in The Gentrification Reader, L. Lees, T. Slater, and E. Wyly, Eds., pp. 251–255, Routledge, London, UK, 2010.
[31]
E. Wyly and D. J. Hammel, “Modeling the context and contingency of gentrification,” Journal of Urban Affairs, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 303–326, 1998.
[32]
E. K. Wyly, M. Atia, and D. J. Hammel, “Has mortgage capital found a inner-city spatial fix?” Housing Policy Debate, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 623–685, 2004.
[33]
E. Wyly, “Mortgaged metropolis: evolving urban geographies of residential lending,” Urban Geography, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–29, 2002.
[34]
M. Davidson and L. Lees, “New-build 'gentrification' and London's riverside renaissance,” Environment and Planning A, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 1165–1190, 2005.
[35]
K. Gotham, “Tourism gentrification: the case of New Orleans' Vieux Carre (French Quarter),” Urban Studies, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1099–1121, 2005.
[36]
J. Hackworth, “Postrecession gentrification in New York city,” Urban Affairs Review, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 815–843, 2002.
[37]
N. Smith, “New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy,” in Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, N. Brenner and N. Theodore, Eds., pp. 80–103, Blackwell, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
[38]
J. Carpenter and L. Lees, “Gentrification in New York, London and Paris: an international comparison,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 286–303, 1995.
[39]
L. M. Garcia Herrera, N. Smith, and M. Vera Mejias, “Gentrification, displacement, and tourism in Santa Cruz de Tenerife,” Urban Geography, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 276–298, 2007.
[40]
Institut Nacional d’Estadística, http://www.ine.es, 4/7/2009.
[41]
N. Smith, “Giuliani time: the revanchist 90s.,” Social Text, no. 57, pp. 1–20, 1998.
[42]
O. Rullan, L’ordenació Territorial a les Illes Balears (Segles XIX-XX). Quaderns D’història Contemporània de les Balears, no. 53, Documenta Balear, Palma, Majorca, 2007.
[43]
F. Díaz-Orueta and M. L. Loures, “La globalización de los mercados inmobiliarios: su impacto sobre la Costa Blanca,” Ciudad y Territorio, no. 155, pp. 77–92, 2008.
[44]
J. M. Naredo, O. Carpintero, and C. Marcos, “Patrimonio en vivienda y ahorro de los hogares en el final del ciclo inmobiliario,” Cuadernos de Información Económica, no. 212, pp. 55–67, 2009.
[45]
J. García-Bellido, “Por una liberalización del paradigma urbanístico espa？ol (III): el tsunami urbanístico que arrasará el territorio,” Ciudad y Territorio. Estudios Territoriales, no. 144, pp. 273–284, 2005.
[46]
R. Fernández Durán, “De la CEE a la UE ‘superpotencia mundial’ (Roma, 1957-Lisboa, 2007). 50 a？os de la ‘Europa’ del capital culminan con el nuevo Tratado de Reforma,” 2007, http://www.quiendebeaquien.org/spip.php?article655 ,2010.
[47]
I. Murray, M. Blázquez, and J. Amer, “Doblers, poder i territori de “marca balear” (1983-2009),” Journal of Catalan Studies, vol. 13, pp. 321–350, 2011.
[48]
M. Blázquez and I. Murray, “Indicadors de sostenibilitat del turisme a les Illes Balears,” Tech. Rep. 2002-2003, CITTIB, Palma, 2003, (DIR).
[49]
O. Rullan, “De la cova de canet al tercer boom turístic. Una primera aproximació a la geografia histórica de Mallorca,” in El Medi Ambient a les Illes Balears. Quí és Quí? M. Alenyà, et al., Ed., pp. 171–213, Sa Nostra, Palma, Majorca, 1999.
[50]
DataInvex Estadísticas de Inversión Extranjera en Espa？a, http://www.datainvex.com, 24/8/2009.
[51]
A. Bauzà, “El Aeropuerto de Palma de Mallorca. La puerta que abre el proceso de compactación espacio-temporal de la isla,” in Ciudades, Culturas y Fronteras en un Mundo en Cambio, I. Caravaca, V. Fernàndez, and R. Silva, Eds., pp. 259–276, Actas del IX Coloquio y Jornadas de Campo de Geografía. Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, 2008.
[52]
A. A. Artigues and O. Rullan, “Nuevo modelo de producción residencial y territorio urbano disperso (Mallorca, 1998-2006),” Scripta Nova, vol. 11, no. 245, p. 10, 2007, http://www.ub.es/geocrit/9porto/artigues.htm.
[53]
S. A. Societat de Taxació, http://web.st-tasacion.es/html/index.php.
[54]
INE, “Padrón municipal. Spanish Institute of Statistics (INE), Madrid,” 2006, http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t20/e245/&file=inebase, (3/7/2010).
[55]
Spanish Ministry of Public works, http://www.fomento.es/mfom/lang_castellano, 5/8/2010.
[56]
S. Vives Miró, “Les implicacions socials de la lògica financera de l'habitatge. L'exemple de Palma,” Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia, vol. 66, pp. 75–99, 2008.
[57]
F. Aguilera and J. M. Naredo, Economía, Poder y Megaproyectos, Fundación César Manrique, Lanzarote, 2007.
[58]
F. Iglesias, Mapa de Presuntas Irregularidades y Actos de Corrupción Urbanística 2000-2007, Fundación Alternativas, Madrid, Spain, 2007.
[59]
J. Fageda Aubert, “Mis 20 a？os. Gráficos de vida municipal. Ajuntament de Palma,” http://www.joanfageda.com/index.htm.
[60]
M. Morell, “La barrialización de la ciudadanía. Localizando el urbanismo neoliberal en ciutat de Mallorca' in Diez a？os de cambios en el Mundo, en la Geografía y en las Ciencias Sociales, 1999-2008,” in Proceedings of the 10th Geocritical International Congress, Universidad de Barcelona, May 2008, http://www.ub.es/geocrit/-xcol/365.htm.
[61]
J. Franquesa, “Vaciar o llenar o la lógica espacial de la neoliberalización,” Revista Espa？ola de Investigaciones Sociológicas, vol. 118, pp. 123–150, 2007.
[62]
M. S. Mas Fiol, La Reforma de Gerreria: L'anàlisi D'una Transformació, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Infraestructura del Transport i del Territori, Barcelona, 2008.
[63]
A. Manresa, Baleares S. A.: Lo dicho en El Pais, Res Publica Eidicions, Eivissa, 1998.
[64]
N. Planas Novella, “L'interminable “pla Mirall”,” Diari de Balears. 24/01/2001.
[65]
D. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1989.
[66]
S. González Ceballos, “El Ocio en la ciudad emprendedora' in VI Congreso Mundial de Ocio (área temática cultura i espacio),” 2002, http://fama2.us.es:8080/turismo/turismonet1/economia%20del%20turismo/turismo%20de%20ciudades/OCIO%20EN%20LA%20CIUDAD%20EMPRENDEDORA.PDF, 2/10/2009.
[67]
M. Juncosa, “Govern y Cort exigen a Barceló que continúe las obras' a última Hora,” pp. 16–17, (30/05/2009).
[68]
J. Buades, Do not Disturb Barceló, Viaje a las Entra？as de un Imperio Turístico, Barcelona: Icaria, 2009.
[69]
M. A. Gené, La Gerreria: Protegir no és Destruir, El Mirrall, Palma de Mallorca, 2001.
[70]
R. Fernández Durán, La Explosión del Desorden. La Metrópoli Como Espacio de la Crisis Global, Editorial Fundamentos, Madrid, Spain, 3rd edition, 1996.
[71]
Ajuntament de Palma, Pla General d'Ordenació Urbana de Palma, Ajuntament de Palma, Palma, 1985.
[72]
Ajuntament de Palma, Pla General d'Ordenació Urbana de Palma, Ajuntament de Palma, Palma, 1998.
[73]
UTE, Barcelona Marca Registrada. Un Model per Desarmar, Virus, Barcelona, 2004.
[74]
M. Delgado, La Ciudad Mentirosa. Fraude y Miseria del 'Modelo Barcelona', La Piqueta, Madrid, Spain, 2007.
[75]
J. Hackworth and N. Smith, “The changing state of gentrification,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 464–477, 2001.
