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?濒危驯鹿(rangifertarandus)秋季偏好生境的生态特征

DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1145.2014.01017, PP. 892-898

Keywords: 驯鹿(rangifertarandus),生境选择,食物资源,人为干扰,主成分分析

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Abstract:

深入了解生境选择及偏好生境的生态特征是保育濒危驯鹿资源的关键.于2012和2013年的9-10月间,采用样带-样线结合的调查方法,对我国大兴安岭西北麓驯鹿的秋季生境偏好进行了研究,共布设了72个利用生境样地及162个对照性非利用生境样地,对海拔和乔木郁闭度等25个生境变量进行了计测和比较,并对利用生境数据进行了主成分分析.结果显示,与对照的非利用生境样地相比,驯鹿秋季利用生境的海拔(948.68m±1.10m)、乔木郁闭度(12.60%±1.99%)、乔木胸径(24.46cm±1.77cm)、乔木高度(6.33m±0.47m)、乔木密度(6.92m2±0.75/400m2)、灌木盖度(42.14%±2.22%)、苔藓地衣盖度(11.94%±0.98%)、树桩个数(4.61m2±0.44/400m2)及倒木数(2.08m2±0.25/400m2)均较大(p<0.01),但地表植被盖度(83.58%±1.03%)、雪深(0)、雪覆盖度(0)及枯草盖度(2.08%±0.25%)较小(p<0.01).此外,驯鹿秋季偏好选择西坡和南坡(100%)的中上坡位(70.8%)的平缓坡(81.9%)生境(p<0.01),并多选择针叶林(56.9%)、避风性较差(52.8%)、水量适中(62.5%)、土壤湿润(94.4%)、距水源距离较近(≤1000m,68.1%)、距人为干扰距离较远(≥500m,51.4%)及距最近猎民点较远(≥500m,55.6%)的生境.主成分分析结果表明,干扰因子(由距水源距离、水量评价、距人为干扰距离、距猎民点距离和坡位及海拔组成)、乔灌木因子(由植被类型、乔木胸径、乔木高度、乔木密度、乔木郁闭度和灌木盖度组成)、生境基底因子(由灌木盖度、树桩数、倒木数及地表植被盖度组成)、隐蔽因子(隐蔽度)和坡向因子(坡向)是影响驯鹿秋季生境选择的重要因素.总之,驯鹿的秋季生境偏好是在多层面对其秋季食物、干扰回避及林下活动便捷等生态需求的综合适应.

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