Within conservation and ecology, volunteer participation has always been an important component of research. Within the past two decades, this use of volunteers in research has proliferated and evolved into “citizen science.” Technologies are evolving rapidly. Mobile phone technologies and the emergence and uptake of high-speed Web-capable smart phones with GPS and data upload capabilities can allow instant collection and transmission of data. This is frequently used within everyday life particularly on social networking sites. Embedded sensors allow researchers to validate GPS and image data and are now affordable and regularly used by citizens. With the “perfect storm” of technology, data upload, and social networks, citizen science represents a powerful tool. This paper establishes the current state of citizen science within scientific literature, examines underlying themes, explores further possibilities for utilising citizen science within ecology, biodiversity, and biology, and identifies possible directions for further research. The paper highlights (1) lack of trust in the scientific community about the reliability of citizen science data, (2) the move from standardised data collection methods to data mining available datasets, and (3) the blurring of the line between citizen science and citizen sensors and the need to further explore online social networks for data collection. 1. Introduction Within conservation and ecology, volunteer participation has always been an important component of research [1–5]. Within the past two decades, use of volunteers in research has begun to proliferate and evolve into the current form of “citizen science” [6, 7]. Citizen science, a term first coined by Irwin [7], is used to describe a form of research collaboration or data gathering that is performed by untrained or “nonexpert” individuals, often involving members of the public, and frequently thought of as a form of crowd-sourcing [1, 8–12]. Citizen science will usually incorporate an element of public education [2, 6, 13–15]. Silvertown [5] described the differentiation between historical and modern forms of citizen science by potential for it to be “available to all, not just a privileged few.” This has been recently demonstrated by the rapid development of mobile phone technologies, in particularly the emergence and uptake of high-speed Web-capable smart phones with GPS data collection facilities and data upload capabilities [16]. This allows almost instant collection, transmission, and submission of data and provides researchers with a way to validate
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