RUSSELL J B.The importance of pH in the regulation of ruminal acetate to propionate ratio and methane production in vitro[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(12):3222-3230.
SUTTON J D,DHANOA D M S,MORANT S V,et al.Rates of production of acetate,propionate,and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low roughage diets[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3620-3633.
[4]
FELLNER V,SPEARS J W.Effect of calcium propionate on ruminal soluble calcium and microbial fermentation[R]//North Carolina State University Animal Science Departmental report.Raleigh:North Carolina State University,2004.
[5]
LIU Q,WANG C,YANG W Z,et al.Effects of calcium propionate supplementation on lactation performance,energy balance and blood metabolites in early lactation dairy cows[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2009,94(5):605-614.
MENKE K H,STEINGASS H E.Stimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J].Animal Research and Development,1988,28:47-55.
[8]
ERWIN E S,MARCO G J,EMERY E M.Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1961,44(9):1768-1771.
[9]
BRODERICK G A,KANG J H.Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1): 64-75.
[10]
AOAC.Official methods of analysis[M].15th ed.Arlington:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1996.
SHEPERD A C,COMBS D K.Long-term effects of acetate and propionate on voluntary feed intake by midlactation cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(8):2240-2250.
[15]
BERGMAN E N.Production and utilization of metabolites by the alimentary tract as measured in portal and hepatic blood[M]//MCDONALD I W,WARNER A C I.Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant.Armidale:University New England Publishing,1975:292-305.