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地质论评  2011 

论花岗岩型铀矿床热液来源――来自氧逸度条件的制约

Keywords: 氧逸度,熔体―流体系统,花岗岩,热液铀矿床

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Abstract:

本文根据已有的关于熔体―流体氧逸度的实验数据和理论计算结果,综述了铀在熔体中的价态及其地球化学行为,以及铀进入流体的氧逸度条件和其它条件。在此基础上,阐明了花岗岩型热液铀矿床矿―岩时差的原因,阐述了对华南花岗岩型铀矿床铀源和热液来源的新认识。地幔岩浆和花岗岩浆的氧逸度都低于磁铁矿―赤铁矿氧缓冲剂(MH)所确定的氧逸度,而流体相六价铀稳定的氧逸度都远高于MH,即地幔和地壳岩浆都达不到六价铀的氧逸度条件,因此在岩浆中铀以四价形式存在;在岩浆演化晚期,四价铀进入含铀副矿物或/和晶质铀矿,很少进入岩浆分泌的热液中(除非在富F的碱性岩浆条件下),这就是花岗岩很少有岩浆热液铀矿床的原因所在。由于流体中铀的运移形式主要是六价的铀酰离子及其络合物,因此高氧逸度流体对富铀花岗岩中铀的浸取作用,是花岗岩型热液铀矿床形成的关键过程;高氧逸度流体的终极来源为地表的氧化性水流体。对华南花岗岩型铀矿而言,印支期富铀的过铝浅色花岗岩是铀源岩,燕山晚期的构造伸展―地壳拉张作用和脉岩浆活动,为含铀成矿热液的形成提供了热源和源自地表的高氧逸度水体下渗循环的裂隙系统。

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