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历史极端寒冬事件研究——1892/93年中国的寒冬

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.06.06, PP. 1176-1185

Keywords: 极端气候事件,寒冬,极端最低温度,温度值推算,历史气候,1892~1893年

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Abstract:

1892/93年冬季中国东部地区严寒。本文依据历史文献记载复原了该寒冬实况,推演主要的两次强寒潮天气过程,绘制了雪、冰、冻雨和动植物冻害的地域分布图;定量推断各地最低温度值,并与早期器测温度记录相印证,绘制最低温度等值线图。指出1893年1月苏州、温州的推断最低气温分别为-15℃和-13℃,上海、汕头和香港的早期器测记录的最低气温分别为-12.1℃,-0.6℃和0℃,均低于20世纪以来的极端低温记录;河流封冻南界达28°N,北回归线以南地方多次出现严重冻雨,冻雨南界达21°29'N。由此认为1892/93年冬季是中国最近百余年的首位寒冬——这是在北半球许多地区的小冰期寒冷气候已结束、开始转暖,而中国仍然寒冷时的极端寒冷事例。此寒冬前后的气候特点是:1892年秋季冷空气活动频繁、初雪日期提前,1893年中国东部多雨、台风活动较频繁。该寒冬的背景是:位于第13太阳活动周的上升段;发生于极强的厄尔尼诺事件结束2年后的非厄尔尼诺年,对应于赤道中东太平洋海温变冷时段;寒冬之前全球火山活动较频繁,有重大火山喷发。

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