Gates, W. L., A. Henderson-Selleres, G. J. Boer et al., Climate Models-Evaluation, In.. Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group 1 to Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, L. T. Houghton, L. G. Callander, N. Harris et al. Eds. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1996, 572pp.
[2]
Covey, C. , S. Joussaume, V. Kattsov et al. , Model Evaluation, In Climate Change 2001, The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group 1 to Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs et al. Eds. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2001, 881pp.
[3]
Gates, W. L. , AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 1992, 73,1962～1970.
[4]
Stockdale, T. N. , D. Anderson, M. Davey et al. , Intercomparison of tropical ocean GCMs, Tech. Doc.WMO/TD-No. 545, World Meteorol. Organ. , Geneva, 1993, 43pp.
[5]
Mechoso, C. R. , A. W. Robertson, N. Barth et al. , the seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, Mon. Wea. Rev. , 1995, 123, 3825～3838.
[6]
Latif, M. , K. Sperber, J. Arblaster et al. , ENSIP: the simulation intercomparison project, Climate Dyn. ,2001, 18, 255～276.
[7]
Davey, M. K. , M. Huddelston, K. R. Sperber et al. , STOIC: a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions, Climate Dyn., 2002, 18, 403～420.
[8]
Jin Xiangze, Zhang Xuehong, and Zhou Tianjun, Fundamental framework and experiments of the third generation of IAP/LASG world ocean general circulation model, Adv. Atmas. Sci. , 1999, 16 (2), 197～215.
[9]
Yu Yongqiang, Yu Rucong, Zhang Xuehong et al. , A Flexible Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model, Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 2002, 109, 169～190.
[10]
Gent, P. R. , and J. C. McWilliams, Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1990,20, 150～155.
[11]
Gibson, J. K. , P. Kallberg, S. Uppala et al. , ERA description, ECMWF Re-analysis Project Report Series 1,European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 1997, 66pp.
Behringer, D. W. , M. Ji, and A. Leetmaa, An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implication for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system, Mon. Wea. Rev. , 1998, 126, 1013～1021.
[14]
Reynolds, R. W. , and T. M. Smith, Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation, J. Climate, 1994, 7, 929～948.
[15]
Weatherly, J. , B. Briegleb, W. G. Large et al. , Sea ice and polar climate in the NCAR CSM, J. Climate,1998, 11, 1472～1486.
[16]
Kiehl, J. T., Simulation of the tropical Pacific warm pool with NCAR Climate System Model, J. Climate,1998, 11, 1342-1355.
[17]
Kessler, W. K. , and B. A. Taft, Dynamic heights and zonal geostrophic transports in the central tropical Pacific during 1979-84, J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1987, 17, 97～122.
[18]
Dai Fushan, Yu Rucong, Zhang Xuehong et al. , The impact of low-level cloud over the eastern subtropical Pacific on the "Double ITCZ" in LASG FGCM-0, Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 2003, 20 (3), 461～474.
[19]
Pacanowski, R. C. , and S. G. H. Philander, Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1981, 11, 1443～1451.
[20]
Boville, B. A. , and P. R. Gent, The NCAR Climate System Model, Version One, J. Climate, 1998, 11 (6),1115～1130.
[21]
Kiehl, J. T. , J. J. Hack, G. B. Banon et al. , The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Climate, 1998, 11 (6), 1131～1149.
[22]
Yu Yongqiang. , Zhang Xuehong, Liu Hui et al. , Schemes for coupling AGCM and OGCM, In: IAP Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, Zhang Xuehong et al. Fds., Science Press, Beijing, 2000, 100～112.
[23]
Ji, M. , A. Leetmaa, and J. Derber, An ocean analysis system for seasonal to interannual climate studies, Mon. Wea. Rev. , 1995, 123, 460～481.
[24]
McPhaden, M. J. , TOGA-TAO and 1991-93-Southern Oscillation event, Oceanography, 1993, 6, 36～44.
[25]
Levitus, S. , and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4: Temperature, NOAA/NESDIS E/OC21,Washington D C, 1994, 117pp.
[26]
Hellerman, S., and M. rosenstein, Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates, J.Phys. Oceanogr. , 1983, 13, 1093～1104.
[27]
Stricherz, J. , J. J. OBrien, and D. M. Legler, Atlas of Florida State University tropical Pacific winds for TOGA 1966-1985, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL., 1992, 275pp.
[28]
da Silva, A. M. , C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994, Vol. 1: Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NECDIS 6, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1994, 83pp.
[29]
Oberhuber, J. M. , An atlas based on the COADS data set: the budgets of heat buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the surface of the global ocean, Max-Planck-Institit fur meteorologie report No. 15, Bundesstrasse 55,2000 Hamburg 13, FRG, 1988.
