Hankin,E. H. , On dust raising wind sad descending currents, J. India Met. Memoirs, 1921, 22, Part Ⅵ.
[3]
Idso, S. B. , R. S. Ingram, and J. M. Pritchard, An American Haboob, Bull. AMS. , 1972, 50, 930～935.
[4]
Josepl, P. V. , D. K. Raipal, and S. N. Deka, "Andhi", the convective dust storms of Northwest India, J.Mausam, 1980, 31, 431～442.
[5]
Brazel, A. J. , and W. C. Nicking, The relationship of weather types to dust storm generation in Arizona, J.Climatology, 1986, 6(3), 255～275.
[6]
Jauregui E. , The dust storm of Mexico City, J. Climatology, 1989, 9(2), 169～180.
[7]
Ott, S. T. , and A. Ott, Analysis of a trans-Atlantic Saharan dust outbreak based on satellite and GATE data,Mon. Wea. Rev. , 1991, 119(8), 1832～1850.
[8]
Shao, Y. P. , M. Raupach, and D. Short, Preliminary assessment of wind erosion patterns in the Murray-Darling Basin, Aust. J. Soil Res. , 1994,34, 309～342.
[9]
Shao, Y. P. , and L. M. Leslie, Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent, J. Geophys. Res. , 1997,102(D25), 30091～30105.
[10]
Marticorena, B. , G. Bergametti et al. , Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle, Part 2: Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 1997,102(D4), 4387～4404.
IWASAKA, Y. , Shi Guangyu et al. , Number concentration and size distribution of aerosols in the free atmosphere over the desert areas in the asian continent: Balloon-borne measurements in summer and fall, Journal of Arid Land Studies, 2002, 11, 347～353.
[17]
Huebert, B. J. , T. Bates, P. B. Russell et al. , An overview of ACE-Asia: strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, J. Geophys. Res. , ACE-Asia Special Issue A,2003 (in press).
[18]
Mikami, M. , O. Abe, M. Du et al. , The impact of aeolian dust on climate: Sino-Japanese cooperative project ADEC, Journal of Arid Land Studies, 2002, 11, 211～222.
[19]
Strahler, A. N. , and A. H. Strahler, Modem Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1987, 544 pp.
Wang Z.,H.Ueda,andM. Huang,A deflation modulefor usein modelinglong-rangetransport of yellow sand over East Asia,J.Geophy.Res.,2000,105(D22),26947～26960.
Ra Amaswamy, V. , O. Boucher, J. Haigh et al. , Radiative forcing of climate change, in IPCC 2001 : Climate Change, The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J. T. , et al. , (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2001.
[26]
Penner, J. E. , M. Andreae, H. Annegarn et al. , Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects, in IPCC 2001:Climate Change, The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J. T. , et al. , (eds.)], Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2001.
[27]
Duce, R. , Distributions and fluxes of mineral aerosol, In Aerosol Forcing of Climate, R. J. Charlson and J.Heintzenberg (eds.), John Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1995, 43～72.
Wang, Z. , H. Akimoto, and I. Uno, Neutralization of soil aerosol and its impact on the distribution of acid rainover East Asia: observations and model results, J. Geophys. Res. , 2002, 107 (10. 1029/2001JD001040).
[32]
Prospero, J. M. et al. , Mineral aerosol transport to the Pacific Ocean, p188-218, In J. P. Riley et al. (eds. ,Chemical Oceanography, Academic Press, 1989, 10.
[33]
Arimoto, R. et al. , Trace elements in aerosol particles from Bermuda and Barbados: concentrations, sources and relationships to aerosol sulfate, J. Atmos. Chem. , 1992, 14, 439～457.
[34]
Uematsu, M. , Z. Wang, and I. Uno, Atmospheric input of mineral dust to the western North Pacific region based on direct measurements and a regional chemical transport model, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2003, 30 (6),1342 (10. 1029/ 2002GL016645).
[35]
Cyranoski, D. , China plans clean sweep on dust storms, Nature, 2003, 421, 9 Jan. 2003, P101.
[36]
International Dust Storm Program (DUST), Chinese Academy of Sciences, October 2002, Beijing China, 1～46.
Costa, M. J. , Aerosol optical thickness determination and classification: use of Meteosat GOME and modeled data, Proceedings of" The 2000 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Data Users\' Conference, EUMETSAT",420～427.
[45]
Higurashi, A. et al. , A study of global aerosol optical climatology with two-channel AVHRR remote sensing,J. Climate, 2000, 13, 2011～2027.
[46]
Kanfman, Y. J. , Tanre, Didier et al. , Absorption of sunlight by dust as inferred from satellite and ground based remote sensing, geophysical research Letters, 2001, 28, 1479.
[47]
Torres, O. , P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman et al. , A long term record of aerosol optical thickness from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements, J. Atmos. Sci. , 2002, 59, 398～413.
[48]
Levin, Z. , J. H. Joseph, and Y. Mekler, Properties of Sharav (Khamsin) dust - comparison of optical and direct sampling data, 1980, J. Atmos. Sci. , 1980, 37, 882～891.
[49]
Penner J. E. , and S. Y. Zhang, Comparison of the TOMS AL and model results for biomass burning, AGU 2002 Fall Meeting, F191, 2002.
Gillette, D. , Wind-tunnel simulation of erosion of soil: Effect of soil texture, sandblasting, wind speed and soil consolidation on dust production, Atmos. Environ., 1978, 12, 1735～1743.
[54]
Tegen, I. , and I. Fung, Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification, J.Geophys. Res. , 1995, 100, 18707～18726.
[55]
Prospero, J. M. , and R. T. Nees, Impact of the North African drought and El Nino on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds, Nature, 1986, 320, 735～738.
[56]
Moulin, C. , C. E. Lambert, F. Dulac et al. , Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic oscillation, Nature, 1997, 387, 691～694.
[57]
Goudie, A. S. , and N. J. Middleton, The changing frequency of dust storms through time, Climate Change,1992, 20, 197～225.
[58]
Marticorena, B. , G. Bergametti, B. Aumont et al. , Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle. 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res. , 1997, 102, 4387～4404.
[59]
Miller, R. L. , and I. Tegen, Climate response to soil dust aerosols, J. Climate, 1998, 11, 3247～3267.
[60]
Tegen, I. , and R. Miller, A general circulation model study of the inter-annual variability of soil dust aerosol,J. Geophys. Res. ,1998, 103, 25975～25995.
