Griffies, S M, Bryan K. A predictability study of simulated North Atlantic multideeadal variability. Climate Dyn., 1997, 13: 459-487.
[2]
Rahmstorf S. Decadal variability of the thermohaline circulation. Beyond El Nino : Decadal and lnterdecadal Climate Variability. Navarra A, Ed.Springer, 1999, 309- 332.
Ganachaud A, Wunsch C. Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature,2000, 408(23) : 453 - 457.
[8]
Broecker W S. Thermohaline circulation, the Achilles heel of our climate system: Will man-made CO2 upset the current balance? Science,1997, 278(28) : 1582 - 1588.
[9]
Stephen C P, An Z S. Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciation. Nature, 1995,375:305-308.
[10]
Delworth T, Manabe S, Stouffer R J. Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J.Climate, 1993, 6:1993-2011.
[11]
Timmermann A, Latif M, Voss R, et al. Northern Hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, 1998,11:1906- 1931.
[12]
Delworth T, Greatbatch R. Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate,2000, 13:1481 - 1495.
[13]
Cheng, W, Bleck R, Rooth C. Multi-decadal thermohaline variability in an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dyn. , 2004,22 : 573 - 590.
[14]
Stocker T F, Clarke G K C, Le Treut H, et al. Physical climate processes and feedbacks. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis.Contribution to Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton J T, Ding Y,Griggs D J, et al. Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2001, 439- 441.
[15]
周天军.大洋经向翻转环流的多空间尺度变率[J].科学通报,2003,48(增刊2):49—54.
[16]
Furevik T, Bentsen M, Drange H, et al. Description and evaluation of the bergen climate model: ARPEGE coupled with MICOM. Climate Dyn., 2003, 21(1): 27-51.
Wallace J M, Smith C, Jiang Q. Spatial patterns of atmosphere-ocean interactions in the northern winter. J. Climate, 1990,3: 990- 998.
[22]
Delworth T. North Atlantic interannual variability in a coupled oceanatmosphere model. J. Climate. 1996, 9:2356-2375.
[23]
Zhou T J, Zhang X H, Yu Y Q, et al. The North Atlantic Oscillation simulated by Versions 2 and 4 of IAP/LASG GOALS model. Adv.Atmos. Sci., 2000, 17: 601- 616.
[24]
Dickson R R, Lazier J, Meincke J, et al. Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. J. Phys.Oceanogr., 1996, 38:241 - 295.
[25]
.[EB/OL].http://www, mar. dfo-mpo, gc. ca/science/ocean/woce/newfbas/nwa-poster-contents, html # part3.,.
[26]
Jones P D, Jonsson T, Wheeler D. Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and South-West Iceland. Int. J. Climatol., 1997,17: 1433-1450.
[27]
Frankignoul C. Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes. Rev. Geophys. , 1985, 23(4) :357 - 390.
[28]
Visbeck M. The ocean\\' s role in Atlantic climate variability. Science,2002,297(27) : 2223 - 2224.
[29]
Peng S L, Robinson W A, Li S L. Mechanisms for the NAO responses to the North Atlantic SST tripole. J. Climate, 2003,16: 1987- 2004.
[30]
Rahmstorf S. Multiple convection patterns and thermohaline flow in an idealized OGCM. J. Climate, 1995, 8:3028 - 3039.
[31]
Rahmstorf S. A simple model of seasonal open ocean convection, Part I :Theory. Climate Dyn., 2001, 52: 26-35.
[32]
Kuhlbrodt T, Titz S, Feudel U, et al. A simple model of seasonal open ocean convection, Part Ⅱ: Labrador Sea stability and stochastic forcing.Climate Dyn., 2001,52: 36 - 49.