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大气科学  2006 

我国旱涝气候灾害的年代际变化及其与东亚气候系统变化的关系

DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2006.05.02

Keywords: 旱涝气候灾害,年代际变化,东亚气候系统

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Abstract:

通过观测资料分析我国旱涝灾害的年代际变化特征,表明从1976年之后迄今我国华北地区发生持续干旱,严重影响了此地区的水资源和经济的可持续发展,并且长江、淮河流域夏季季风降水明显增加,洪涝灾害频繁发生.作者还从东亚气候系统的年代际变化系统地分析了发生在我国旱涝气候灾害年代际变化的机理.分析结果表明:从20世纪70年代中后期迄今,热带中、东太平洋海温上升,并出现"类似于厄尔尼诺(ElNi(n)o)型"分布的年代际海温距平.这不仅引起了东亚和西太平洋上空EAP型遥相关环流异常分布的年代际变化,使得从1976年之后迄今东亚夏季风变弱、西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,而且引起了热带Walker环流的变化;并且,由于热带Walker环流的年代际变化,引起了从20世纪70年代中后期到现在北非上空下沉气流的加强,从而使得萨赫勒及以东地区上空反气旋环流异常增强,并由于遥相关波列的传播,从而导致我国华南上空反气旋环流距平的增强;此外,中高纬度欧亚型遥相关环流异常分布也发生了年代际变化,使得1976年之后我国华北地区上空出现反气旋环流异常.这些使得到达华北的偏南季风气流减弱和长江、淮河流域水汽输送的辐合,从而导致了我国旱涝的年代际变化.分析结果还表明了从20世纪70年代后期迄今青藏高原冬、春积雪天数增多,深度加深,以及我国西北干旱、半干旱区地-气温差增大,这些有利于长江和淮河流域夏季降水增多,而不利于华北地区夏季降水.

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