Miller A J,Barnett T P,Graham N E.A comparison of some tropical ocean models:Hindcast skill and El Ni(n)o evolution.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1993,23:1567~1591
[4]
Barnett T P,Graham N,Pazan S,et al.ENSO and ENSO-related predictability.Part I:Prediction of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model.J.Climate,1993,6:1545~1566
[5]
Zhang R H,Kleeman R,Zebiak S E,et al.An empeirical parameterization of subsurface entrainment temperature for improved SST anomaly simulations in an intermediate ocean model.J.Climate,2005,18:350~371
[6]
Zebiak S E,Cane M A.A model El Ni(n)o Southern Oscillation.Mon.Wea.Rev.,1987,115:2262~2278
[7]
Syu H H,Neelin J D.ENSO in a hybrid coupled model.Part I:Sensitivity to physical parameterization.Climate.Dyn.,2000,16:19~35
[8]
Meehl G A,Gent P R,Arblaster J M,et al.Factors that affect the amplitude of El Ni(n)o in global coupled climate models.Climate Dyn.,2001,17:515~526
[9]
Zhang R H,Endoh M.A free surface general circulation model for the tropical Pacific Ocean.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97:11237~11255
[10]
Conkright M E,Locamini R A,Garcia H E,et al.World Ocean Atlas 2001:Objective Analyses,Data Statistics,and Figures,CD-ROM Documentation.National Oceanographic Data Center,Silver Spring,MD,2002.17pp
[11]
Reynolds R W,Rayner N A,Smith T M,et al.An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate.J.Climate,2002,15:1609~1625
[12]
陈烈庭.东太平洋赤道地区海水温度异常对热带大气环流及我国汛期降水的影响.大气科学,1977,1:1~12 Chen Lieting.Impact of the SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific on the tropical atmospheric circulation and rainfall during the rainy period in China.Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(Scientia Atmospherica Sinica) (in Chinese),1977,1:1~12
[13]
Huang Ronghui,Wu Yifang.The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,1989,6:21~32
[14]
Latif M,Anderson D,Barnett T,et al.A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:14375~14394
[15]
Zhou G Q,Zeng Q C.Predictions of ENSO with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,2001,18:587~603
[16]
Kirtman B P,Zebiak S E.ENSO simulation and prediction with a hybrid coupled model.Mon.Wea.Rev.,1997,125:2620~2641
[17]
Tang Y.Hybrid coupled models of the tropical Pacific,Part I.Interannual variability.Climate Dyn.,2002,19:331~342
[18]
Syu H H,Neelin J D,Gutzler D.Seasonal and interannual variability in a hybrid coupled GCM.J.Climate,1995,8:2121~2143
[19]
AchutaRao K,Sperber K R.Simulation of the El Ni(n)o Southern Oscillation:Results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.Climate Dyn.,2002,19:191~209
[20]
Zhang R H,Zebiak S E.An embedding method for improving interannual variability simulations in a hybrid coupled model of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system.J.Climate,2004,17:2794~2812
[21]
Fu Weiwei,Zhu Jiang,Zhou Guangqing,et al.A comparison study of tropical pacific ocean state estimation:Low-resolution assimilation vs.high-resolution simulation.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,2005,22:212~219
[22]
Monterey G,Levitus S.Seasonal variability of mixed layer depth for the World Ocean.NOAA Atlas NESDIS 14,U.S.Gov.Printing Office,Washintion,D.C.1997.96pp
[23]
Bjerknes J.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific.Mon.Wea.Rev,1969,97:163~172
[24]
Philander S G H,Pacanowski R C,Lau N C,et al.Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution,tropical Pacific Ocean GCM.J.Climate,1992,5:308~329
[25]
Kleeman R.On the dependence of hindcast skill on ocean thermodynamics in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model.J.Climate,1993,6:2012~2033
[26]
Hellerman S,Rosenstein M.Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1983,13:1093~1104
[27]
da Silva A M,Young A C,Levitus S.Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994,Volume 1:Algorithms and Procedures.NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6,U.S.Department of Commerce,Washington,D.C.,1994.83pp