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大气科学  2014 

2011年初贵州持续低温雨雪冰冻天气成因研究

DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12119

Keywords: 低温雨雪,阻塞高压,副热带南支锋区,准静止锋,锋面逆温

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Abstract:

2011年1月贵州再次出现仅次于2008年初的低温雨雪冰冻天气,过程长达32天,伴随3次明显的冷空气影响,具有持续时间长、间断性突出、中期降雪突出的特点。本文利用NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)1°×1°再分析资料、2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、MICAPS(气象信息综合分析处理系统)观测资料,对2011年1月发生在贵州的低温雨雪冰冻天气进行了分析。分析表明:(1)2011年1月北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,极涡偏于东半球,亚欧地区位势高度距平呈“北高南低”;亚欧中高纬度出现了2次强大、稳定、持久的阻塞高压;(2)副热带南支锋区活跃,12月31日~1月2日、1月9~11日、17~20日、27~29日有4次活跃期,水汽输送具有间断性特点;(3)维持在25°N附近的低层切变为低温雨雪天气的发生提供了辐合条件,地面上稳定持久的准静止锋是低温雨雪天气发生的重要影响系统;(4)强冻雨、冰粒及降雪天气的温度场、锋区结构、大气运动状况等存在差异。出现强冻雨天气时,锋面逆温高度最低、逆温梯度最大、逆温厚度最薄,逆温区有较厚的暖层,云层伸展高度在600hPa以下,气流上升区高度低,具有暖云降水的特点。出现冰粒天气时,锋面逆温高度较低、逆温梯度大、逆温厚度较薄,逆温区有浅薄的暖层,云层伸展高度较高,气流上升区高度较低,也具有暖云降水的特点;出现降雪天气时,锋面逆温高度较高、逆温梯度最小、逆温厚度薄,逆温区无暖层,云层伸展高度超过500hPa,具有深厚的垂直上升运动和冷云降水的特点。

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