Bozlaker A, Prospero J M, Fraser M P, et al. 2013. Quantifying the contribution of long-range Saharan dust transport on particulate matter concentrations in Houston, texas, using detailed elemental analysis [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47 (18): 10179-10187.
[2]
Cakmur R V, Miller R L, Torres O. 2004. Incorporating the effect of small-scale circulations upon dust emission in an atmospheric general circulation model [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 109 (D7), doi:10.1029/2003JD004067.
[3]
Etling D, Brown R A. 1993. Roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer: A review [J]. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 65 (3): 215-248.
[4]
Field P R, M？hler O, Connolly P, et al. 2006. Some ice nucleation characteristics of Asian and Saharan desert dust [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 (10): 2991-3006.
[5]
Gillette D. 1978. A wind tunnel simulation of the erosion of soil: Effect of soil texture, sandblasting, wind speed, and soil consolidation on dust production [J]. Atmos. Environ. (1967), 12 (8): 1735-1743.
[6]
Gamo M. 1996. Thickness of the dry convection and large-scale subsidence above deserts [J]. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 79 (3): 265-278.
[7]
Gray M E B, Petch J, Derbyshire S H, et al. 2001. Version 2.3 of the Met. Office large eddy model [R]. Met Office (APR) Turbulence and Diffusion Rep, 276pp.
[8]
Haywood J M, Allan R P, Culverwell I, et al. 2005. Can desert dust explain the outgoing longwave radiation anomaly over the Sahara during July 2003? [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 110 (D5), doi:10.1029/2004JD005232.
[9]
黄倩, 王蓉, 田文寿, 等. 2014. 风切变对边界层对流影响的大涡模拟研究 [J]. 气象学报, 72 (1): 100-115. Huang Qian, Wang Rong, Tian Wenshou, et al. 2014. Study of the impacts of wind shear on boundary layer convection based on the large eddy simulation [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 72 (1): 100-115.
[10]
Huang Q, Marsham J H, Parker D J, et al. 2010. Simulations of the effects of surface heat flux anomalies on stratification, convective growth, and vertical transport within the Saharan boundary layer [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 115 (D5), doi:10.1029/2009JD012689.
[11]
IPCC. 2007. Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, download at http://.ipcc.ch/report/ar4 [2015-3-
[12]
Iwasaka Y, Shibata T, Nagatani T, et al. 2003. Large depolarization ratio of free tropospheric aerosols over the Taklamakan desert revealed by Lidar measurements: Possible diffusion and transport of dust particles [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D23), doi:10.1029/2002JD003267.
[13]
Knippertz P, Ansmann A, Althausen D, et al. 2009. Dust mobilization and transport in the northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006-A meteorological overview [J]. Tellus B, 61 (1): 12-31.
[14]
Kim H M, Kay J K, Yang E G, et al. 2013. Statistical adjoint sensitivity distributions of meteorological forecast errors of Asian dust transport events in Korea [J]. Tellus B, 65: 20554.
[15]
Kim S W, Park S U, Moeng C H. 2003. Entrainment processes in the convective boundary layer with varying wind shear [J]. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 108 (2): 221-245.
[16]
Koch J, Renno N O. 2005. The role of convective plumes and vortices on the global aerosol budget [J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 (18), doi:10.1029/2005GL023420.
[17]
Li X L, Zhang H S. 2014. Soil moisture effects on sand saltation and dust emission observed over the Horqin sandy land area in China [J]. J. Meteor. Res., 28 (3): 444-452.
[18]
李耀辉, 张书余. 2007. 我国沙尘暴特征及其与干旱关系的研究进展 [J]. 地球科学进展, 22 (11): 1169-1176. Li Yaohui, Zhang Shuyu. 2007. Review of the research on the relationship between sand-dust storm and arid in China [J]. Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese), 22 (11): 1169-1176.
[19]
Moeng C H, Sullivan P P. 1994. A comparison of shear- and buoyancy-driven planetary boundary layer flows [J]. J. Atmos. Sci., 51 (7): 999-1022.
[20]
Mahowald N M, Baker A R, Bergametti G, et al. 2005. Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 (4), doi:10.1029/2004GB002402.
[21]
Marsham J H, Parker D J, Grams C M, et al. 2008a. Observations of mesoscale and boundary-layer scale circulations affecting dust transport and uplift over the Sahara [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8 (23): 6979-6993.
[22]
Marsham J H, Parker D J, Grams C M, et al. 2008b. Uplift of Saharan dust south of the intertropical discontinuity [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 113 (D21), doi:10.1029/2008JD009844.
[23]
Marsham J H, Knippertz P, Dixon N S, et al. 2011. The importance of the representation of deep convection for modeled dust-generating winds over West Africa during summer [J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38 (16), doi:10.1029/2011GL048368.
[24]
O\'Loingsigh T, McTainsh G H, Tews E K, et al. 2014. The Dust Storm Index (DSI): A method for monitoring broadscale wind erosion using meteorological records [J]. Aeolian Research, 12: 29-40.
[25]
Paugam R, Paoli R, Cariolle D. 2010. Influence of vortex dynamics and atmospheric turbulence on the early evolution of a contrail [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (8): 3933-3952.
[26]
Ramaswamy V. 2014. Influence of tropical storms in the northern Indian Ocean on dust entrainment and long-range transport [M]//Tang D L, Sui G J. Typhoon Impact and Crisis Management. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 149-174.
[27]
Shin H H, Hong S Y. 2013. Analysis of resolved and parameterized vertical transports in convective boundary layers at gray-zone resolutions [J]. J. Atmos. Sci., 70 (10): 3248-3261.
[28]
Shao Y P. 2008. Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion [M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 467pp.
[29]
Takemi T. 1999. Structure and evolution of a severe squall line over the arid region in Northwest China [J]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127 (6): 1301-1309.
[30]
Takemi T, Yasui M, Zhou J, et al. 2005. Modeling study of diurnally varying convective boundary layer and dust transport over desert regions [J]. Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere, 1: 157-160.
[31]
Takemi T, Yasui M, Zhou J, et al. 2006. Role of boundary layer and cumulus convection on dust emission and transport over a midlatitude desert area [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 111 (D11), doi:10.1029/2005JD006666.
[32]
Tan S C, Shi G Y, Wang H. 2012. Long-range transport of spring dust storms in Inner Mongolia and impact on the China seas [J]. Atmos. Environ., 46: 299-308.
[33]
Tian W, Parker D J, Kilburn C A D. 2003. Observations and numerical simulation of atmospheric cellular convection over mesoscale topography [J]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131 (1): 222-235.
[34]
Todd M C, Bou Karam D, Cavazos C, et al. 2008. Quantifying uncertainty in estimates of mineral dust flux: An intercomparison of model performance over the Bodélé Depression, northern Chad [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 113 (D24), doi:10.1029/2008JD010476.
[35]
Weckwerth T, Horst T, Wilson J. 1999. An observational study of the evolution of horizontal convective rolls [J]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127 (9): 2160-2179.
[36]
Yang Y Q, Wang J Z, Niu T, et al. 2013. The variability of spring sand-dust storm frequency in Northeast Asia from 1980 to 2011 [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 27 (1): 119-127.
[37]
张宏升, 李晓岚. 2014. 沙尘天气过程起沙特征的观测试验和参数化研究进展 [J]. 气象学报, 72 (5): 987-1000. Zhang Hongsheng, Li Xiaolan. 2014. Review of the field measurements and parameterization for dust emission during sand-dust events [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 72 (5): 987-1000.
[38]
张强, 赵映东, 王胜, 等. 2007. 极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析 [J]. 地球科学进展, 22 (11): 1150-1159. Zhang Qiang, Zhao Yingdong, Wang Sheng, et al. 2007. A study on atmospheric thermal boundary layer structure in extremely arid desert and Gobi region on the clear day in summer [J]. Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese), 22 (11): 1150-1159.
[39]
Zhang Qiang, Zhang Jie, Qiao Juan, et al. 2011. Relationship of atmospheric boundary layer depth with thermodynamic processes at the land surface in arid regions of China [J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 54 (10): 1586-1594.
[40]
赵琳娜, 孙建华, 王超, 等. 2007. 2006年春季最强沙尘暴过程的数值分析 [J]. 气候与环境研究, 12 (3): 309-319. Zhao Linna, Sun Jianhua, Wang Chao, et al. 2007. The numerical characteristics of a severe dust storm over North China in the spring of 2006 [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 12 (3): 309-319.
[41]
赵建华, 张强, 王胜. 2011. 西北干旱区对流边界层发展的热力机制模拟研究 [J]. 气象学报, 69 (6): 1029-1037. Zhao Jianhua, Zhang Qiang, Wang Sheng. 2011. A simulative study of the thermal mechanism for development of the convective boundary layer in the arid zone of Northwest China [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 69 (6): 1029-1037.
[42]
赵思雄, 孙建华. 2013. 近年来灾害天气机理和预测研究的进展 [J]. 大气科学, 37 (2): 297-312. Zhao Sixiong, Sun Jianhua. 2013. Study on mechanism and prediction of disastrous weathers during recent years [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 37 (2): 297- 312.
