Dole, R. M., 1986, The life cycles of persistent anomalies and blocking over the North Pacific, Advances in Geophysics, 29, Academic Press, 31～ 69.
[5]
Simmons, A. J., J. Wallace and G. Branstator, 1983, Barotropic wave propagation and instability and atmospheric teleconnection pattern, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1363～ 1392.
[6]
Lau, N.-C. and E. O. Holopainen, 1984, Transient eddy forcing of the time-mean flow as identified by quasi-geostrophic tendencies, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2718 ～ 2843.
[7]
Kaas, E. and G. Branstator, 1993, The relationship between a zonal index and blocking activity, J. Atmos. Sci.,50, 3061 ～ 3077.
[8]
Cuff, T. J. and M. Cai, 1995, Interaction between the low- and high-frequency transients in the Southern Hemisphere winter circulation, Tellus, 47A, 331 ～ 350.
Holopainen, E. and C. Fortelius, 1987, High-frequency transient eddies and blocking, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1632～1645.
[12]
Shutts, G. J., 1983, The propagation of eddies in diffluent jet stream: Eddy vorticity forcing of blocking flowfields, Quart. J. R, Meteorol. Soc., 109, 737～761.
[13]
Lejenas, H., 1995, Long term variations of atmospheric blocking in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 73, 79～ 89.
[14]
Ferranti, L., F. Molteni and T. N. Palmer, 1994, Impact of localized tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in ensembles of seasonal GCM integrations, Quart. J. R. Meteorol, Soc., 120, 1613～ 1645.
[15]
WCRP-96, 1996, Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking as simulated by 15 atmospheric general circulation models in the period 1979-1988 (Results from an AMIP Diagnostic Subproject) (WMO / TD-No. 784).
[16]
Austin, T. J., 1980, The blocking of middle latitude westerly winds by planetary waves, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol.Soc., 106, 327～350.
[17]
Branstator, G., 1995, Organization of storm track anomalies by recurring low-frequency circulation anomalies,J. Atmos. Sci., 52. 207.
Tibaldi, S. and F. Molteni, 1990, On the operational predictability of blocking, Tellus, 42 A, 343 ～ 365.
[21]
黄荣辉,1986,夏季青藏高原对北半球定常扰动形成的热力作用,大气科学,10,l～8.
[22]
Held, I. M., 1983, Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere: theory, in:Large-scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere (B. J. Hoskins and R. Pearce eds.), Academic Press, New York, 127～ 168.
