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地质学报  2009 

裂陷盆地断层的形成和演化――目标砂箱模拟实验与认识

, PP. 759-774

Keywords: 不协调伸展,裂陷盆地,砂箱实验,先存断裂,形成演化,“不协调性准则”

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Abstract:

摘要断层的分布、活动和演化是裂陷盆地构造研究的核心,也是其油气勘探的关键。大量高精度的三维地震资料表明裂陷盆地内断层分布组合十分复杂,无法用经典构造地质学理论――Anderson模式作出合理的解释,现有的模式(叠加模式和斜向伸展模式等)也还没有很好地揭示裂陷盆地断层复杂性的实质和断层形成和演化的内在规律。本文以渤海湾盆地张巨河构造带和北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷两个有高精度三维地震资料覆盖、断层分布与组合十分复杂并富含油气的典型裂陷盆地区为原形,进行了目标砂箱模拟实验,再现了目标区构造的基本特征。砂箱实验所揭示裂陷盆地断裂系统的基本特征是:1)基底先存构造(主要所控制的断层构成了盆地断裂系统的基本格架;2)断层的形成与演化决定于基底先存断裂的取向、区域伸展方向及伸展量。首先形成的是有刚性边界基底先存断裂控制的断层。其次,形成的是薄弱带基底先存断裂控制的断层。继而,形成的是小型基底先存断裂控制的断层。最后,在远离基底先存构造的区域,形成与伸展方向垂直的新生断层。3)伸展作用早期,断层的方位主要决定于基底先存断裂的方位。随着伸展量的增大,受伸展方向的影响越来越大,晚期形成的断层常反映区域伸展作用方向。4)不协调递进伸展变形过程是导致裂陷盆地复杂断层体系的根本原因。上述砂箱模拟实验揭示的裂陷盆地在不协调性伸展作用下断层的形成与演化规律可以利用“不协调性准则”从理论上给予解释,表明在裂陷盆地中具有普遍意义。

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