IPCC. Climate Chang 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007: 270-271.
[2]
Seidel D J, Rebecca J R, Angell J K, et al. Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes. J. Geophys. Res., 2001, 106(D8): 7857-7887.
[3]
Randel W J, Wu F, Gaffen D J. Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res., 2000, 105(D12): 15509-15523.
[4]
Schmidt T, Wickert J, Beyerle G, et al. Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP. J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109(D13105), doi: 10.1029/2004JD004566.
[5]
Xu X H, Luo J, Zhang K F. An analysis of the structure and variation of the tropopause over China with GPS radio occultation data. The Journal of Navigation, 2011, 64(S1): S103-S111.
[6]
王鑫, 吕达仁. 利用GPS掩星数据分析青藏高原对流层顶结构变化. 自然科学进展, 2007, 17(7): 913-919. Wang X, Lü D R. An analysis of the structure and variation of the tropopause over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with GPS radio occultation. Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese), 2007, 17(7): 913-919.
[7]
徐晓华. 利用GNSS无线电掩星技术探测地球大气的研究[博士论文]. 武汉: 武汉大学测绘学院, 2003. Xu X H. Research on observing the earth''s atmosphere with the GNSS radio occultation technique[Ph.D.thesis] (in Chinese). Wuhan: School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 2003.
[8]
Schmidt T, Wickert J, Haser A. Variability of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed with GPS radio occultation bending angles and temperatures. Advances in Space Research, 2010, 46(2): 150-161.
[9]
WMO. Definition of the tropopause, WMO Bulletin 6. Geneva, Switzerland, 1957.
[10]
张红雨, 周顺武, 张国勇等. 1979—2008年华北地区对流层顶高度变化特征. 气象与环境学报, 2011, 27(2): 8-13. Zhang H Y, Zhou S W, Zhang G Y, et al. Characteristics of variation in tropopause height from 1979 to 2008 in North China. Journal of Meteorology and Environment (in Chinese), 2011, 27(2): 8-13.
[11]
Kerr R A. Climate change. What happened to global warming? Scientists say just wait a bit. Science, 2009, 326(5949): 28-29.
[12]
Seidel D J, Randel W J. Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data. J. Geophys. Res., 2006, 111(D21), doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
[13]
Borsche M, Kirchengast G, Foelsche U. Tropical tropopause climatology as observed with radio occultation measurements from CHAMP compared to ECMWF and NCEP analyses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34(3), L03702, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027918.
[14]
Nishida M, Shimizu A, Tsuda T. Seasonal and longitudinal variations in the tropical tropopause observed with the GPS occultation technique (GPS/MET). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2000, 78(6): 691-700.
[15]
Schmidt T, Wickert J, Beyerle G, et al. Global tropopause height trends estimated from GPS radio occultation data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008, 35(L11806), doi: 10.1029/2008GL 034012.
[16]
Rao D N, Ratnam M V, Murthy B V K, et al. Identification of tropopause using bending angle profile from GPS radio occultation (RO): A radio tropopause. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34, L15809, doi: 10.1029/2007GL029709.
[17]
Lewis H W. A robust method for tropopause altitude identification using GPS radio occultation data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36, L12808, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039231.
[18]
高攀. 利用COSMIC掩星弯曲角数据研究对流层顶结构及其时空变化[硕士论文]. 武汉: 武汉大学测绘学院, 2012. Gao P. Identification of tropopause and analysis of its structure and variability using COSMIC radio occultation bending angles[Master''s thesis]](in Chinese). Wuhan: School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 2012.
[19]
Schmidt T, Heise S, Wickert J, et al. GPS radio occultation with CHAMP and SAC-C: global monitoring of thermal tropopause parameters. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 5(6): 1473-1488.
[20]
Lanzante J R. Resistant, robust and non-parametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: Theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station data. International Journal of Climatology, 1996, 16(11): 1197-1226.
[21]
NASA. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43235, Temperature Anomalies, Winter 2009-2010. 2010.
[22]
李毅. 我国大部分地区气候异常, 冬季寒冷季节时令后延. 人民日报. 2010. Li Y. Climate anomalies in most parts of China and the extension of the winter cold. People''s Daily (in Chinese). 2010.
[23]
Hansen J, Ruedy R, Sato M, et al. Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 2010, 48(4): RG4004.