Li L Y, Cao J B, Zhou G C, et al. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. J. Geophys. Res., 2009, 114(A12): A12214, doi:10.1029/2009JA014333.
[2]
Sutcliffe P R. Substorm onset identification using neural networks and Pi2 pulsations. Ann. Geophys., 1997, 15(10): 1257-1264.
[3]
Murphy K R, Rae I J, Mann I R, et al. Wavelet-based ULF wave diagnosis of substorm expansion phase onset. J. Geophys. Res., 2009, 114, A00C16, doi:10.1029/2008JA013548.
[4]
Tokunaga T, Yumoto K, Uozumi T, et al. Identification of full-substorm onset from ground-magnetometer data by singular value transformation. Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu Univ., Ser. D, Earth & Planet. Sci., 2011, 32(3): 63-73.
[5]
Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y, Morioka A. Hilbert-Huang Transform of geomagnetic pulsations at auroral expansion onset. J. Geophys. Res., 2009, 114(A9), A09202, doi:10.1029/2009JA014214.
[6]
Meng C I, Liou K. Substorm timings and timescales: A new aspect. Space Sci. Rev., 2004, 113(1-2): 41-75, doi:10.1023/B: SPAC.0000042939.88548.68.
[7]
Liou K, Meng C I, Lui A T Y, et al. On relative timing in substorm onset signatures. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104(A10): 22807-22817.
[8]
Frey H U, Mende S B, Angelopoulos V, et al. Substorm onset observations by IMAGE-FUV. J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010607.
[9]
Frey H U, Mende S B. Substorm onsets as observed by IMAGE-FUV. // Proceedings of Eighth International Substorm Conference, Univ. of Calgary, Banff Centre, 2006: 71-76.
[10]
Liou K. Polar ultraviolet imager observation of auroral breakup. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115(A12): A12219, doi:10.1029/2010JA015578.
[11]
Chuang K S, Tzeng H L, Chen S, et al. Fuzzy c-means clustering with spatial information for image segmentation. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 2006, 30(1): 9-15.
[12]
Mcpherron R L. Substorm related changes in the geomagnetic tail: The growth phase. Planet. Space Sci., 1972, 20(9): 1521-1539.
[13]
Wang Q, Meng Q H, Hu Z J, et al. Extraction of auroral oval boundaries from UVI images: A new FLICM clustering-based method and its evaluation. Advances in Polar Science, 2011, 22(3): 184-191.
[14]
Cao C G, Newman T S, Germany G A. New shape-based auroral oval segmentation driven by LLS-RHT. Pattern Recognition, 2009, 42(5): 607-618.
[15]
Sun H J, Wang S G, Jiang Q S. FCM-based model selection algorithms for determining the number of clusters. Pattern Recognition, 2004, 37(10): 2027-2037.
[16]
Wang Y N, Li C S, Zuo Y. A selection model for optimal fuzzy clustering algorithm and number of clusters based on competitive comprehensive fuzzy evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2009, 17(3): 568-577.
[17]
Kisabeth J L, Rostoker G. The expansive phase of magnetospheric substorms: 1. Development of the auroral electrojets and auroral arc configuration during a substorm. J. Geophys. Res., 1974, 79(7): 972-984.
[18]
Liou K, Meng C I, Wu C C. On the interplanetary magnetic field By control of substorm bulge expansion. J. Geophys. Res., 2006, 111(A9): A09312, doi:10.1029/2005JA011556.
[19]
Nakamura M, Baker D N, Yamamoto T, et al. Particle and field signatures during pseudobreakup and major expansion onset. J. Geophys. Res., 1994, 99(A1): 207, doi:10.1029/93JA02207.
[20]
Aikio A T, Sergeev V A, Shukhtina M A, et al. Characteristics of pseudobreakups and substorms observed in the ionosphere, at the geosynchronous orbit, and in the midtail. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104(A6): 12263, doi:10.1029/1999JA900118.
[21]
Kullen A, Karlsson T, Cumnock J A, et al. Occurrence and properties of substorms associated with pseudobreakups. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115(A12): A12310, doi:10.1029/2010JA015866.
[22]
李柳元, 曹晋滨, 周国成. 磁层相对论电子通量变化与磁暴/亚暴的关系. 地球物理学报, 2006, 49(1): 9-15. Li L Y, Cao J B, Zhou G C. Relation between the variation of geomagnetospheric relativistic electron flux and storm/substorm. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006, 49(1): 9-15.
[23]
Akasofu S I. The development of the auroral substorm. Planet. Space Sci., 1964, 12(4): 273-282.
[24]
Liu J M, Zhang B C, Kamide Y, et al. Spontaneous and trigger-associated substorms compared: Electrodynamic parameters in the polar ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116(A1): A01207, doi:10.1029/2010JA015773.
[25]
Kullen A, Karlsson T. On the relation between solar wind, pseudobreakups, and substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109: A12218, doi:10.1029/2004JA010488.
[26]
Kim S K, Ranganath H S. Content-based retrieval of aurora images based on the Hierarchical Representation. Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Part II, LNCS, 2010, 6475: 249-260.
[27]
Bezdek J C. Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.
[28]
Bezdek J C, Ehrlich R, Full W. FCM: the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Computers & Geosciences, 1984, 10(2-3): 191-203.
[29]
Voronkov I O, Donovan E F, Samson J C. Observations of the phases of the substorm. J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108(A2): 1073, doi:10.1029/2002JA009314.
[30]
Newell P T, Gjerloev J W. Evaluation of SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices as indicators of substorms and auroral power. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116(A12): A12211, doi:10.1029/2011JA016779.
[31]
Newell P T, Gjerloev J W. Substorm and magnetosphere characteristic scales inferred from the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116(A12): A12232, doi:10.1029/2011JA016936.
[32]
Ohtani S, Anderson B J, Sibeck D G, et al. A multisatellite study of a pseudo-substorm onset in the near-earth magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res., 1993, 98(A11): 19355-19367.
[33]
Rostoker G. On the place of the pseudo-breakup in a magnetospheric substorm. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1998, 25(2): 217-220, doi:10.1029/97GL03583.
[34]
Peter D B. Investigating the relationship between open magnetic flux and the substorm cycle[Ph.D.thesis]. Radio and Space Plasma Physics Group, University of Leicester, 2009.
