LI L J, REN F M, LIU F, WU Q H. An improved particle swarm optimization method and its application in civil engineering[C]//The eighth international conference on computation and structures technology. Spain, 2006？
WU S J, CHOW P T. Steady？state genetic algorithms for discrete optimization of trusses[J]. Comput Struct, 1995, 56(6):979？91.
[8]
HE S, PREMPAIN E, WU Q H. An improved particle swarm optimizer for mechanical design optimization problems[J]. Eng Optim, 2004,36(5):585？605.？
[9]
HE S , WU Q H, WEN J Y, SAUNDERS J R, PATON R C. A particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation[J]. BioSystem, 2004, 78(1？3):135？47.？
[10]
LI L J, HUANG Z B , LIU F. A heuristic particle swarm optimizer (HPSO) for optimization of pin connected structures[J]. Comput Struct, 2007, 85(7？8):340？9.
SHAO Xiongfei, YU Zhiming,GUO Xiaodong. Global cargo hold structure optimization of a VLCC based on direct calculation method[J].China Shipbuilding,2008,181(2):41？51.？
[14]
LI,L.J. HUANG, Z.B. LIU.F. A heuristic particle swarm optimization method for truss structures with discrete variables[J]. Computers and Structures, 2009, 87: 435？443.
