WYRTKI K. El Nino--The dynamics response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing [J]. J Phys Oceanogr, 1975, 5: 572-584.
[4]
ZEBIAK S E, CANE M A. A model El Nino-southern Oscillation [J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1987, 115:2 262-2 278.
[5]
CHEN Ying-quei, BATTISTI D S, SARACHIK E S. A new ocean model for studying the tropical oceanic aspects of ENSO[J]. J Phy Oceanogr, 1995, 25, (9): 2 065-2 089.
[6]
FEDOROV A V, PHILANDER S G. Is El Nino changing? [J]. Science, 2000, 288:1 997-2 002.
[7]
WANG B. Interdecadal changes in El Nino onset in the last four decades [J]. J Climate, 1995, 8: 267-285.
[8]
NEELIN J D, LATIF M, ALLAART M A F, et al. Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models [J]. Climate Dyn, 1992, 7: 73-104.
[9]
HANEY R L. Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation models [J]. J Phy Oceanogr, 1971, 1: 241-248.
[10]
DEACON E L, WEBB E K. Interchange of properties between sea and air [A]. The Sea: Ideas and Observations: Vol 1[M]. New York: Wiley(Interscience), 1962. 49-87.
[11]
RAYNER N A, HORTON E B, PARKER D E, et al.. Version 2.2 of the global sea-ice and sea surface temperature data set, 1903-1994 [J]. Clim Res Tech Note, 1996, 74: 1-21.
[12]
WALLACE J M, RASMUSSON E M, MITCHELL T P, et al. On the structure and evolution of ENSO--related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, 103:14 241-14 259.
[13]
LATIF M, DOMMENGET D, DIMA M. The role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature in forcing East African climate anomalies[B]. Max-Planck-Institut Fur Meteorologie Report:No.276[R]. 276: 12.
[14]
WEBSTER P J, MOORE A M, LOSCHNIGG J p, et al. Coupled ocean - atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98 [J]. Nature, 1999, 401: 356-360.
[15]
HUANG Bo-yin, LIU Zhang-yu. An OGCM simulation of seasonal and interannual variabilities in the surface-layer Pacific of the equatorial band [J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2002, 19(2): 219-234.
[16]
FASULLO J, WEBSTER P J. Warm pool SST variability in relation to the surface energy balance [J]. J Climate, 1999,12:1 292-1 305.
[17]
WANG W, MCPHADEN M J. The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I. Mean seasonal cycle [J]. J Phy Oceanogr, 1999, 29:1 812-1 831.
[18]
PHILANDER S G H. El Nino, La Nina, and the Southern Oscillation [ M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 1990. 293.
[19]
PAN Y H, OORT A. Global climate variations connected with sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean for the 1958～73 period [J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1983, 111:1 244-1 258.
[20]
HUANG Rong-hui, WU Yi-fang. The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanisms [J].Adv Atmos Sci, 1989, 6: 21-32.
[21]
BJERKNES J. A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature [J].Tellus, 1966, 18: 820-829.
[22]
RASMUSSON E M, CARPENTER T H. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation-El Nino [J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1982, 110: 354-384.
[23]
MCPHADEN M J, YU X. Equatorial waves and the 1997-98 El Nino [J]. Geophys Res Lett, 1999, 26:2 961-2 964.
[24]
SHU Liang-hua, ALLAN J C. Using an ocean model to examine ENSO dynamics [J ]. J Phy Oceanogr, 2002, 32 (3):903-923.
[25]
DELECLUSE P, DAVEY M K, KITAMURA Y, et al. Coupled general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific [J].J Geophys Res, 1998, 103(C7): 1 4357-1 4373.
[26]
MECHOSO C R, ROBERTSON A W, BARTH N, et al. The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled oceanatmosphere general circulation models [J]. Mon Wea Rea, 1995, 123:2 825-2 838.
[27]
DA SILVA A M, YOUNG C C, LEVITUS S. Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994[B]. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6-8[Z]. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, 1994. 912.
[28]
PACANOWSKI R C. MOM2 Documentation [B]. GFDL Ocean Technical Report 3.2[R]. 1996. 329.
[29]
LEVITUS S. Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean[B]. NOAA Professional Paper(13) [C]. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1982. 173.
[30]
LEVITUS S, BOYER T P. World Ocean Atlas 1994: Temperatttre and Salinity[Z]. U. S. Department of Commerce,Washington, D C, 1994.
[31]
SAJI N H, GOSWAMI B N, VINAYACHANDRAN p N, et al. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean [J]. Nature,1999, 401: 360-363.
[32]
ZEBIAK S E. Air- sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region [J]. J Climate, 1993, 6: 1 567-1 586.
[33]
CARTON J A, HUANG B. Warm events in the tropical Atlantic [J]. J Phys Oceanogr, 1994, 24: 888-903.
[34]
SWENSON M S, HANSEN D V. Tropical Pacific Ocean mixed layer heat budget: the Pacific cold tongue [J]. J Phy Oceanogr, 1999, 29.. 69-81.
[35]
WANG W, MCPHADEN M J. The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II. Interannual variability [J]. J Phy Oceanogr, 2000, 30(11) : 2 989-3 008.
