GRAHAM N E.Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s:observations and model results[J].Climate Dynamics,1994,10(3):135-162.
[5]
STEPHENS C S,LEVITUS J A,BOYER T P.On the Pacific Ocean regime shift[J].Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(19):3 721-3 724.
[6]
CHANG P,GIESE B S,JI L,et al.Decadal change in the south tropical Pacific in a global assimilation analysis[J].Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(18):3 416-3 464.
[7]
BRATCHER A J,GIESE B S.Tropical Pacific decadal variability and global warming[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(19):24-1-24-4.
[8]
KLEEMAN R.,MCCREARY J P,KLINGER B A.A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability[J].Geophys Res Lett,1999,26(12):1 743-1 746.
[9]
LATIF M,BARNETT T P.Decadal climate variability over the north Pacific and North America dynamics and predictability[J].J Climate,1996,9(10):2 407-2 423.
[10]
LUO J J,YAMAGATA T.Long term El Nino-Southern Oscillation ENSO-like variation with special,emphasis on the South Pacific[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106(C10):22 211-22 228.
[11]
GIESE B S,URIZAR S C,FUCKAR N S.Southern Hemisphere origins of the 1976 climate shift[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(2):1-1-1-4.
[12]
FRANKIGNOUL C,MULLER P,ZORITA E.A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing[J].JPhys Oceanogr,1997,27(8):1 533-1 546.
[13]
TRENBERTH K E,HURRELL J W.Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific[J].Climate Dynamics,1994,9(6):303-319.
[14]
GRAHAM N E,BANETT T P,WILDE R,et al.On the roles of tropical and mid-latitude SSTs in forcing interannual to inter-decadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation[J].J Climate,1994,7(9):1 416-1 448.
[15]
HAZELEGER W,VISBECK M,CANE M,et al.Decadal upper ocean temperature variability in the tropical Pacific[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106(C5):8 971-8 988.
[16]
LIU Z,WU L,GALLIMOR R,et al.Search for the origins of Pacific decadal climate variability[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(10):42-1-42-4.
[17]
SCHNEIDER N,MILLER A J,ALEXANDER M A,et al.Subduction of decadal North Pacific temperature anomalies:observations and dynamics[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1999,29(5):1 056-1 070.
[18]
ZHANG R,ROTHSTEIN L M,BUSAHACCHI A J.Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino change on decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J].Nature,1998,391:879-883.
[19]
McCREARY J P,LU P.Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations:the subtropical cell[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1994,24(2):466-497.
[20]
ROTHSTEIN L M,ZHONG R H,BWALACCHI A J,et al.A numerical simulation of the mean water pathways in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1998,28(2):322-342.
[21]
SOLOMON A,McCREARY J P,KLEEMAN R,et al.Interannual and decadal variability in an intermediate coupled model of the Pacific region[J].J Climate,2003,16(3):383-405.
[22]
BJERKNES J.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific[J].Mon Wea Rev,1969,97(3):163-172.
[23]
XIE S P,ISHIUATARI M,HASHIZUME H,et al.Coupled ocean-atmospheric waves on the equatorial front[J].Geophys Res Lett,1998,25(20):3 863-3 866.
[24]
CHELTON D B,COAUTHOR S.Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific[J].J Climate,2001,14(7):1 479-1 498.
[25]
XIE S P,LIN W T,LIU Q,et al.Far-reaching effects of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pacific Ocean-atmosphere[J].Science,2001,292(5524):2 057-2 060.
[26]
LIU W T.Progress in scatterometer applications[J].J Oceanogr,2002,58(1):121-136.
[27]
WHITE W B,ANNIS J L.Coupling of extratropical mesoscale eddies in the ocean to westerly winds in the atmospheric boundary layer[J].JPO,2003,33(5):1 095-1 107.
[28]
WU L,LIU Z.Decadal variability in the North Pacific:the eastern north Pacific mode[J].J Climate,2003,16(19):3 111-3 131.
[29]
NEWMAN M,COMPO G P,ALEXANDER M A.ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation[J].J Climate,2003,16(23):3 853-3 857.
[30]
GARREAUD R D,BATTISTI D S.Interannual (ENSO) and interdecadal (ENSO-like) variability in the Southern Hemisphere troposphereic circulation[J].J Climate,1999,12(7):2 113-2 122.
[31]
MUNK W H,WUNSCH C.Energetics of tidal and wind mixing:abyssal recipes[J].Deep-Sea Res I,1998,45(12):1 977-2 010.
[32]
WUNSOCH C.The interpretation of short climate records,with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations[J].BAMS,1999,80(2):245-256.
[33]
LAU N C.Interactions between global SST anomalies and the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1997,78(1):21-33.
[34]
WANG D,WANG J,WU L,et al.Relative importance of wind and buoyancy forcing for interdecadal regime shifts in the Pacific Ocean[J].Science in China,2003,46(5):417-427.
DESEV C,ALEXANDER M A,TIMLIN M S.Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-1991[J].J Climate,1996,9(8):1 840-1 855.
[38]
JOHNSON G C,McPHADEN M J.Interior pychocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1999,29(12):3 073-3 089.
[39]
LIU Z.A simple model of the mass exchange between the subtropical and tropical ocean[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1994,24(6):1 153-1 165.
[40]
HARPER S.Thermocline ventilation and pathways of tropical-subtropical water mass exchange[J].Tellus,2000,52A(3):330-345.
[41]
WHITE W B,CAYAN D R.Quasi-periodicity and global symmetries in interdecadal upper ocean temperature variability[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:21 335-21 354.
[42]
CHAO Y,GHIL M,McWILLIAMS J C.Pacific interdecadal variability in this century\'s sea surface temperatures[J].Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(C10):2 261-2 264.
[43]
MANTUA N J,HARE S R.The Pacific decadal oscillation[J].Journal of Oceanography,2002,58:35-44.
WENTZ F J,GENTEMANN C,SMITH D,et al.Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds[J].Science,2000,288(5467):847-850.
[46]
ONEILL L W,CHELTON D B,ESBENSEN S K.Observations of SST-induced perturbations of the wind stress field over the Southern Ocean on seasonal time scales[J].J Climate,2003,16(14):2 340-2 354.
[47]
VECCHI G A,XIE S P,FISCHER A S.Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea[J].J Climate,in press.
[48]
XIE S P.Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction[J].BAMS,2004,85(2):195-208.
[49]
EVANS M N,CANE M N,SCHRAD D P,et al.Support for tropically-driven Pacific decadal variability based on pale proxy evidence.[J].Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(19):3 689-3 692.
[50]
McPHADEN M J,ZHANG D.Slowdown of the meridian overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean[J].Nature,2002,415 (7):603-608.
[51]
WUNSCH C.What is the thermthaline circulation?[J].Science,2002,298(5596):1 180-1 181.
YANG Hai-jun,ZHANG Qiong.On the decadal and interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(2):173-184.
[55]
NONAKA M,XIE S P,McCREARY J P.Decadal variations in the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(7):20-1-20-4.
[56]
GU D,Philander S G H.Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extra tropics[J].Science,1997,275(5301):805-807.
[57]
LATIF M,BARNETT T P.Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America[J].Science,1994,266:634-637.
[58]
LATIF M.Dynamics of interdecadal variability in coupled ocean atmosphere models[J].J Climate,1998,11(4):602-624.
[59]
JIN F F.A theory of interdecadal climate variability of the North Pacific ocean-atmosphere system[J].J Climate,1997,10(8):1 821-1 835.
