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籽粒大小、养分含量对苗期玉米的养分敏感性及生长的影响

DOI: 10.7668/hbnxb.2014.01.021, PP. 108-116

Keywords: 籽粒,养分含量,粒重,玉米,外源养分,生态广适性

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Abstract:

采用砂培培养的方法,以16个玉米杂交种为供试材料,研究粒重、籽粒中贮存的氮磷钾养分含量和贮量对干物质及养分在苗期玉米根、茎、叶中的分配和养分敏感性的影响。结果表明,籽粒养分贮量与苗期无外源养分供应(对照)条件下玉米根、茎、叶的生物量均存在显著的正相关关系(氮贮量与叶片生物量的相关关系除外)。与对照相比,供应外源养分提高了苗期玉米的生物量,但明显降低了其根冠比,且在降低根、茎、叶生物量的变异系数的同时,明显提高了根冠比的极差和变异系数(二者的增高幅度分别高达80.8%和118.2%)。供应外源养分对提高苗期玉米的植株及其根、茎、叶钾含量的效应较氮和磷含量明显,但却明显降低钾含量的变异系数,并以叶的变异系数的降低幅度最大。与此不同,供应外源养分同时提高苗期玉米植株及根、茎、叶的含氮量及其变异系数,且以根系含氮量的变异系数增高最明显。此外,与对照相比,供应外源养分还可明显提高玉米的根系含磷量,且除了根系外,植株及茎和叶含磷量的变异系数均呈升高趋势;但无论有无外源养分,根系含磷量的变异系数始终明显高于茎和叶。在幼苗生长过程中,籽粒中养分的耗竭速率从快到慢依次为:钾、氮、磷。通过对籽粒和幼苗生长的相关性状进行聚类分析发现,在供试玉米品种中,国审对照品种郑单958与其他15个品种存在明显的差异:外源养分对郑单958的根冠比、根系含氮量和含钾量的影响相对最低;且郑单958籽粒中的氮和钾的耗竭百分比以及在供应外源养分后,新增氮和磷的累积量也均为最低,仅新增钾的累积量略高于农大108。这些特性可能是郑单958具有生态广适性的主要原因。

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