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-  2015 

美国法上请愿免责的标准变迁

Keywords: 请愿, 免责, 诺尔―本灵顿规则, 伪装例外, 司法哲学

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Abstract:

请愿可能损及其他公民的利益,原则上可免于侵权法上的责任。但以请愿为名,利用请愿程序本身侵犯其他公民权利的,或者在请愿程序中伴有行贿等严重违法行为的,不能免责。美国法上的请愿免责标准发端于反垄断案件,后扩展到其他侵权领域。请愿免责的始作俑者是联邦最高法院,但在随后的标准变迁中,下级法院走的步子比联邦最高法院更快,甚至呈现出倒逼联邦最高法院之态;联邦最高法院不时扮演制动者的角色,以免请愿免责走得太远太远。请愿免责标准变迁的背后暗藏着不同的司法哲学,司法能动主义、司法保守主义、司法联邦主义都轮番登场。

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