[ 1 ] British Society of Gastroenterology. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients[J]. Gut, 2000, 46(Suppl 3): 1-15.
[3]
[ 2 ] Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, et al. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices[J]. Br J Surg, 1973, 60: 646-649.
[ 5 ] Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. The Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2007, 102(9): 2086-2102.
[6]
[ 5 ] The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the rst variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices: a prospective multicenter study[J]. N Engl J Med, 1988, 319(15): 983-989.
[7]
[ 6 ] Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients[J]. J Hepatol, 2003, 38(3): 266-272.
[ 8 ] Kim SH, Kim YJ, Lee JM, et al. Esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: multidetector CT esophagography-comparison with endoscopy[J]. Radiology, 2007, 242(3): 759-768.
[10]
[ 9 ] D’Amico G, Morabito A. Noninvasive markers of esophageal varices: another round, not the last[J]. Hepatology, 2004, 39(1): 30-34.
[11]
Rydberg J, Buckwalter KA, Caldemeyer KS, et al. Multisection CT: scanning techniques and clinical applications[J]. Radiographics, 2000, 20(6): 1787-1806.
[12]
Fishman EK. From the RSNA refresher courses: CT angiography: clinical applications in the abdomen[J]. Radiographics, 2001, 21(Spec): 3-16.
Aqarwal A, Jain M. Multidetector CT portal venography in evaluation of portosystemic collateral vessels[J]. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2008, 52(1): 4-9.
Moubarak E, Bouvier A, Boursier J, et al. Portosystemic collateral vessels in liver cirrhosis: a three-dimensional MDCT pictorial review[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2012, 37(5): 746-766.
Zardi EM, Uwechie V, Caccavo D, et al. Portosystemic shunts in a large cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis: detection rate and clinical relevance[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2009, 44(1): 76-83.