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沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究

Keywords: 沼液,稻田消解,水稻生产,重金属,氨挥发

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Abstract:

为研究稻田消解沼液对水稻安全生产、土壤肥力及质量的影响,评价沼液施用后对水体及大气环境污染的风险,提出稻田沼液消解安全容量,在浙江省嘉兴市青紫泥田(属脱潜潴育型水稻土)上,进行3a定位田间小区试验,考察了不同沼液用量下水稻产量、稻谷及土壤中有害重金属含量差异,测定了稻田氨挥发通量及田面水、下渗水氮含量,并确定了稻田沼液消解容量。结果表明,连续3a、每年水稻生长季施灌沼液135~540kgN·hm-2的范围内,水稻产量与全化肥区持平或略有增产,施灌沼液处理的稻谷中有害重金属镉、铅、汞、砷含量没有明显增加;除高沼液用量处理土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量明显增加外,其他土壤肥力指标没有明显增加,土壤中重金属含量也没有明显积累;施用沼液处理田面水中铵态氮含量明显高于全化肥处理,但对土壤下渗水氮含量影响较小;2倍氮沼液用量下,水田消解中氨挥发量占总氮投入量的13%,高于全化肥处理10倍以上。在水稻生产安全、农产品安全、土壤质量可持续、农田水环境友好的前提下,水稻生长季沼液稻田消解的安全容量为540kgN·hm-2·a-1;氨挥发是目前沼液稻田消解中主要的环境风险。

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