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科技导报  2014 

埃博拉病毒病:流行病学、生态学、诊断、治疗及控制

DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2014.24.001, PP. 15-24

Keywords: 埃博拉病毒病,埃博拉病毒,流行病学

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Abstract:

埃博拉病毒(Ebolavirus)是埃博拉病毒病(EbolaVirusDisease,EVD)的病原体,1976年首次在非洲发现,目前确认该病毒包括5个种,其中苏丹型(Sudanebolavirus)、扎伊尔型(Zaireebolavirus)、塔伊森林型(Ta?Forestebolavirus)和本迪布焦型(Bundibugyoebolavirus)均有感染人发病的记录;莱斯顿型(Restonebolavirus)可致人隐性感染,并与多起猕猴暴发疫情有关,曾在菲律宾的猪中检出。人类埃博拉病毒病的病死率为25%~90%,疫情均发生在非洲,主要集中在10°N—10°S的非洲地区,本次西非疫情是规模最大的暴发流行,截至2014年8月20日已报告2615例病例。该病是动物源性传染病,目前证据支持果蝠可能为病毒的自然储存宿主。该病在人群中主要通过接触传播,有症状的病人才具有传染性。未采取正确防护措施的医护人员、家庭护理人员及接触病人血液、体液,或接触病人血液、体液等污染的物品,或接触病例尸体的人是高风险感染人群。本病起病急,早期表现为发热、厌食、虚弱无力等非特异性症状,可通过检测病毒核酸、抗原、抗体等方法确诊。目前尚无批准上市的特效药和疫苗,以对症和支持治疗为主。预防控制策略主要包括早期发现病例、及时调查处置、追踪和密切观察接触者,以及有效的医院内和社区的感染控制。

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