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矿床地质  2006 

青藏高原碰撞造山带:Ⅱ.晚碰撞转换成矿作用

Keywords: 地质学,晚碰撞,转换成矿,动力学背景,深部过程,构造控制,造山带,青藏高原

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Abstract:

许多古老造山带的碰撞造山过程,因从晚碰撞向后碰撞的转换,既不清楚,又难以界定,常被分为碰撞和后碰撞2个阶段。文章对青藏高原碰撞造山过程进行了分析,发现其具有明显的3段性,由此将碰撞造山过程分为主碰撞(65~41Ma)、晚碰撞(40~26Ma)和后碰撞(25~0Ma)3个阶段。其中,晚碰撞造山作用发生于印度与亚洲大陆的持续汇聚和SN向挤压背景之下,以陆内俯冲、大规模逆冲推覆、走滑断裂系统的发育为特征,导致了区域尺度的地壳缩短及藏东富碱斑岩和碳酸岩_正长岩、藏北钾质_超钾质火山岩的大规模产出。晚碰撞期成矿作用强烈发育,主要集中于高原东缘的构造转换带,成矿高峰期集中于(35±5)Ma。现已识别出4个重要的成矿事件:①与大规模走滑断裂系统有关的斑岩型Cu_Mo(Au)成矿事件,形成著名的玉龙斑岩铜矿带(40~36Ma);②与碳酸岩_正长岩杂岩有关的REE成矿事件,在二叠纪攀西古裂谷带内发育勉宁—德昌喜马拉雅期REE成矿带(41~27Ma);③与逆冲推覆构造系统有关的热卤水型Pb_Zn_Ag_Cu成矿事件,集中产出于兰坪盆地,形成大型Pb_Zn_Ag矿集区(40~30Ma);④与大规模剪切系统有关的剪切带型Au成矿事件,形成著名的哀牢山大型Au矿带(63~28Ma)。晚碰撞成矿作用主要发育于陆内转换造山环境,受大规模走滑_推覆_剪切作用控制,受控于统一的深部作用过程,与软流圈上涌导致的幔源或壳/幔混源岩浆活动密切相关。在综合研究基础上,初步建立了晚碰撞转换成矿模型。

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