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矿床地质  2003 

初论陆-陆碰撞与成矿作用——以青藏高原造山带为例

Keywords: 地质学,陆-陆碰撞,造山带,成矿作用,矿床类型,青藏高原

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Abstract:

青藏高原碰撞造山带以其成矿规模大、形成时代新、矿床类型多、保存条件好诸特征而被誉为研究大陆成矿作用的天然实验室。文章基于青藏高原已有的矿产勘查与研究成果,概述了大陆碰撞过程中的主要成矿作用及其成矿带的时空分布,初步分析了陆_陆碰撞所造就的成矿背景和成矿环境以及控制成矿作用的关键地质过程,并草拟了可供今后研究的工作模型。初步研究认为,始于60Ma的印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞至少形成了3个重要的控矿构造单元,即雅鲁藏布江以北的主碰撞变形带,雅鲁藏布江以南的藏南拆离_逆冲带和高原东缘的藏东构造转换带。主碰撞变形带以巨大规模的地壳缩短、双倍地壳加厚、大规模逆冲系和SN向正断层系统发育为特征,控制了冈底斯斑岩铜矿带(含浅成低温热液金矿)、安多锑矿化带和风火山铜矿化带及腾冲锡矿带的形成及分布;藏南拆离_逆冲带由藏南拆离系(STDS)和一系列北倾的叠瓦状逆冲断裂带构成,控制了藏南变质核杂岩型金矿化、热液脉型金锑矿化和蚀变破碎带型金锑矿化的形成;藏东构造转换带以发育大规模走滑断裂系统、大型剪切带、富碱斑岩带和走滑拉分盆地为特征,控制了玉龙斑岩铜矿带、哀牢山和锦屏山金矿带及兰坪盆地银多金属矿带的分布。按成矿系统的基本思想,初步将青藏高原碰撞造山带的成矿作用划分为3个成矿巨系统:大陆俯冲碰撞成矿巨系统、陆内走滑_剪切成矿巨系统和碰撞后伸展成矿巨系统。在大陆俯冲碰撞阶段,主要发育与流体迁移汇聚和排泄有关的锑金铜热液成矿系统和碰撞期花岗岩岩浆_流体锡稀有金属成矿系统;伴随陆_陆碰撞而发生的陆内走滑_剪切作用,主要导致了走滑拉分盆地银多金属热液成矿系统、斑岩型铜钼金成矿系统和剪切带型金成矿系统的形成;在碰撞后伸展阶段,主要发育受SN向正断层系统控制的斑岩铜矿成矿系统、浅成低温热液金矿成矿系统和热水沉积铯锂硼金属成矿系统。在此基础上,初步提出了碰撞造山带成矿作用的构造控制模型。

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