Fortuna MA, Bascompte J. 2006. Habitat loss and the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Ecology Letter, 9(3): 281-286.
[2]
Gu H, Goodale E, Chen J. 2015. Does the role that frugivorous bird species play in seed dispersal networks influence the speed of evolutionary divergence? Global Ecology and Conservation, 3: 121-128.
[3]
Guimar？es PR Jr, Jordano P, Thompson JN. 2011. Evolution and coevolution in mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters, 14(9): 877-885.
[4]
Hansen DM, Galetti M. 2009. The forgotten megafauna. Science, 324(5923): 42-43.
[5]
Hebert PDN, Penton EH, Burns JM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(41): 14812-14817.
[6]
Heleno R, Garcia C, Jordano P, Traveset A, Gómes JM, Blüthgen N, Memmott J, Moora M, Cerdeira J, Rodrígurz-Echeverría S, Freitas H, Olesen JM. 2014. Ecological networks: delving into the architecture of biodiversity. Biology Letters, 10(1), doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.1000.
[7]
Ives AR, Godfray HCJ. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of trophic associations. The American Naturalist, 168(1): E1-E14.
[8]
James A, Pitchford JW, Plank MJ. 2012. Disentangling nestedness from models of ecological complexity. Nature, 487(7406): 227-230.
[9]
Janzen DH. 1966. Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in central America. Evolution, 20(3): 249-275.
[10]
Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB, Hartmann K, Mooers AO. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature, 491(7424): 444-448.
Jordano P. 1987. Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: connectance, dependence asymmetries, and coevolution. The American Naturalist, 129(5): 657-677.
[13]
Jordano P, Bacompte J, Olesen JM. 2003. Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecology Letters, 6(1): 69-81.
[14]
Kiers ET, Palmer TM, Ives AR, Bruno JF, Bronstein JL. 2010. Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective. Ecology Letters, 13(12): 1459-1474.
[15]
Krause AE, Frank KA, Mason DM, Ulanowicz RE, Taylor WW. 2003. Compartments revealed in food-web structure. Nature, 426(6964): 282-285.
[16]
Ma JS. 2014. Current status and challenges of Chinese plant taxonomy. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(6): 510-521. (in Chinese)
[17]
May RM. 1974. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[18]
Montoya JM, Pimm SL, Solé RV. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature, 442(7100): 259-264.
[19]
Morales CL, Aizen MA. 2006. Invasive mutualisms and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions in the temperate forests of north-west Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Ecology, 94(1): 171-180.
[20]
Mougi A, Kondoh M. 2012. Diversity of interaction types and ecological community stability. Science, 337(6092): 349-351.
[21]
Okuyama T, Holland JN. 2008. Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic communities. Ecology Letters, 11(3): 208-216.
[22]
Olesen JM, Eskildsen LI, Venkatasamy S. 2002. Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists. Diversity and Distributions, 8(3): 181-192.
[23]
Olesen JM, Stefanescu C, Traveset A. 2011. Strong, longy-term temporal dynamics of an ecological network. PLoS ONE, 6(11): e26455.
[24]
Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Dupont YL, Jordano P. 2007. The modularity of pollination networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(50): 19891-19896.
[25]
Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Elberling H, Jordano P. 2008. Temporal dynamics in a pollination network. Ecology, 89(6): 1573-1582.
[26]
Pellmyr O. 2003. Yuccas, yucca moths, and coevolution: a review. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 90(1): 35-55.
[27]
Petanidou T, Kallimanis AS, Tzanopoulos J, Sgardelis SP, Pantis JD. 2008. Long-term observation of a pollination network: fluctuation in species and interactions, relative invariance of network structure and implications for estimates of specialization. Ecology Letters, 11(6): 564-575.
[28]
Pimm SL. 1982. Food Webs. London: Chapman & Hall.
[29]
Plein M, L？ngsfeld L, Neuschulz EL, Schulthei？ C, lngmann L, T？pfer T,
[30]
B？hning-Gaese K, Schleuning M. 2013. Constant properties of plant-frugivore networks despite fluctuations in fruit and bird communities in space and time. Ecology, 94(6): 1296-1306.
[31]
Prado PI, Lewinsohn TM. 2004. Compartments in insect-plant associations and their consequences for community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73(6): 1168-1178.
[32]
Rafael JA, Aguiar AP, Amorim DS. 2009. Knowledge of insect diversity in Brazil: challenges and advances. Neotropical Entomology, 38(5): 565-570.
[33]
Rezende EL, Lavabre JE, Guimar？es PR, Jordano J, Bascompte J. 2007a. Non-random coextinctions in phylogenetically structured mutualistic networks. Nature, 448(7156): 925-928.
[34]
Rezende EL, Jordano P, Bascompt J. 2007b. Effects of phenotypic complementarity and phylogeny on the nested structure of mutualistic networks. Oikos, 116(11): 1919-1929.
[35]
Schleuning M, Ingmann L, Strau？ R, Fritz SA, Dalsgaard B, Dehling DM, Plein M, Saavedra F, Sandel B, Svenning JC, B？hning-Gaese K, Dormann CF. 2014. Ecological, historical and evolutionary determinants of modularity in weighted seed-dispersal networks. Ecology Letters, 17(4): 454-463.
[36]
Spiesman BJ, Inouye BD. 2013. Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant-pollinator interaction networks. Ecology, 94(12): 2688-2696.
[37]
Staniczenko PPA, Kopp JC, Allesina S. 2013. The ghost of nestedness in ecological networks. Nature Communications, 4: 1391.
[38]
Thébault E, Fontaine C, 2010. Stability of ecological communities and the architecture of mutualistic and trophic networks. Science, 329(5993): 853-856.
[39]
Thompson JN. 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 442 pp.
[40]
Thompson JN. 2009. The coevolving web of life. The American Naturalist, 173(2): 125-140.
[41]
Tilman D, May RM, Lehman CL, Nowak MA. 1994. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature, 371(6492): 65-66.
[42]
Valdovinos FS, Ramos-Jiliberto R, Flores JD, Espinoza C, López G. 2009. Structure and dynamics of pollination networks: the role of alien plants. Oikos, 118(8): 1190-1200.
[43]
Valiente-Banuet A, Aizen MA, Alcántara JM, Arroyo J, Cocucci A, Galetti M, García MB, García D, Gómez JM, Jordano P, Medel R, Navarro L, Obeso JR, Oviedo R, Ramírez N, Rey PJ, Traveset A, Verdú M, Zamora R. 2014. Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Functional Ecology, doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12356.
[44]
Van der Niet T, Johnson SD. 2012. Phylogenetic evidence for pollinator-driven diversification of angiosperms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 27(6): 353-361.
[45]
Vázquez DP, Aizen MA. 2003. Null model analyses of specialization in plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology, 84(9): 2493-2501.
[46]
Vázquez DP, Blüthgen N, Cagnolo L, Chacoff NP. 2009. Uniting pattern and process in plant-animal mutualistic networks: a review. Annals of Botany, 103(9): 1445-1457.
[47]
Vilà M, Bartomeus I, Dietzsch AC, Petanidou T, Steffan-Dewenter I, Stout JC, Tscheulin T. 2009. Invasive plant integration into native plant-pollinator networks across Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1674): 3887-3893.
Anderson SH, Kelly D, Ladley JJ, Molloy S, Terry J. 2011. Cascading effects of bird functional extinction reduce pollination and plant density. Science, 331(6020): 1068-1071.
[50]
Barrat A, Barthélemy M, Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani A. 2004. The architecture of complex weighted networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(11): 3747-3752.
[51]
Bartomeus I, Vilà M, Santamaría L. 2008. Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-pollinator networks. Oecologia, 155(4): 761-770.
[52]
Bascompte J, Jordano P. 2007. Plant-animal mutualistic networks: the architecture of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38: 567-593.
[53]
Bascompte J, Jordano P, Melian CJ, Olesen JM. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(16): 9383-9387.
Bastolla U, Fortuna MA, Pascual-García A, Ferrera A, Luque B, Bascompte J. 2009. The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and increases biodiversity. Nature, 458(7241): 1018-1020.
[56]
Blüthgen N, Menzel F, Hovestadt T, Fiala B, Blüthgen N. 2007. Specialization, constraints, and conflicting interests in mutualistic networks. Current Biology, 17(4): 341-346.
[57]
Burkle LA, Alarcón R. 2011. The future of plant-pollinator diversity: understanding interaction networks across time, space, and global change. American Journals of Botany, 98(3): 528-538.
[58]
Cagnolo L, Salvo A, Valladares G. 2011. Network topology: patterns and mechanisms in plant-herbivore and host-parasitoid food webs. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80(2): 342-351.
[59]
Carcía-Robledo C, Erickson DL, Staines CL, Erwin TL, Kress WJ. 2013. Tropical plant-herbivore networks: reconstructing species interactions using DNA barcodes. PLoS ONE, 8(1): e52967.
[60]
Colles A, Liow LH, Prinzing A. 2009. Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches. Ecology Letters, 12(8): 849-863.
[61]
Cook JM, Rasplus JY. 2003. Mutualists with attitude: Coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(5): 241-248.
[62]
Dangles O, Barragán A, Cárdenas RE, Onore G, Keil C. 2009. Entomology in Ecuador: recent developments and future challenges. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), 45(4): 424-436.
[63]
Darwin C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London, UK: John Murrey.
[64]
Dupont YL, Olesen JM. 2012. Stability of modular structure in temporal cumulative plant-flower-visitor networks. Ecological Complexity, 11: 84-90.
[65]
Dupont YL, Padrón B, Olesen JM, Petanidou T. 2009. Spatio-temporal variation in the structure of pollination networks. Oikos, 118(8): 1261-1269.
[66]
Fahrig L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34: 487-515.
[67]
Feng WF, Takemoto K. 2014. Heterogeneity in ecological mutualistic networks dominantly determines community stability. Scientific Reports, 4: 5912.
[68]
Fernández MH, Vrba ES. 2005. Macroevolutionary processes and biomic specialization: testing the resource-use hypothesis. Evolutionary Ecology, 19(3): 199-219.
[69]
Fleming TH, Kress WJ. 2013. The Ornaments of Life: Coevolution and Conservation in the Tropics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
