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草业学报  2014 

草地载畜量研究进展:概念、理论和模型

DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140337, PP. 313-324

Keywords: 草地载畜量,平衡理论,新草地科学,放牧策略,草地生态模型

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Abstract:

平衡理论强调家畜和草地资源之间的生物反馈,主张采取保守放牧策略保证草地生态系统的稳定性,草地管理的目标是调节草地牧草供给量和家畜饲草需求量平衡。基于非平衡理论的“新草地科学”,则强调气候因素尤其是降水,决定着干旱、半干旱区草地承载力,主张采取机会主义策略,充分利用草地并维持草地基况。传统上,草地载畜量的确定是先计算生长季末的草地产量,利用草地利用率等校正系数校正,再除以家畜的年平均需求量;但由于其没有考虑牧草质量、饲喂价值和家畜营养需求,载畜量估计存在误差,从而导致争议。本文依据国内外研究进展,回顾了草地载畜量概念的发展和演变,比较了草地产量载畜量、营养载畜量(包括标准干草载畜量、总可消化养分及可消化粗蛋白载畜量、能量载畜量)差异,归纳了草地载畜量在应用上的争议。本文指出,由于牧草养分的季节变化动态,采用家畜营养需求法估测的载畜量值通常较草地产量法为低,放牧实践上应采用2种方法相结合估算草地载畜量,根据估算数较低者确定草地载畜量有利于草地可持续利用和保护。草地通常既存在平衡态,也存在非平衡态;而基于平衡理论的保守放牧策略在放牧率和放牧压力上,与基于非平衡理论的机会放牧策略存在差异;放牧管理应结合气候条件、草地基况、草地产权制度、政府贴现与否及市场价格等因素,选择保守放牧策略或机会放牧策略,实现草地畜牧业生产的生态和经济效益。由于生态模型通过模拟草地对放牧的响应及放牧对草地的影响,是草地管理的基础,本文归纳了草地放牧管理相关的生态模型和放牧管理应用程序,以期为草地放牧管理决策提供参考。

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