Wijesinghe D K, Hutchings M J. The effects of spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity on the growth of a clonal plant: an experimental study with Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1997, 85: 17-28.
[2]
Wijesinghe D K, John E A, Beurskens S, et al. Root system size and precision in nutrient foraging: responses to spatial pattern of nutrient supply in six herbaceous species[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2001, 89: 972-983.
[3]
Day K J, Hutchings M J, John E A. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on the early stages of growth in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 305-315.
[4]
Day K J, Hutchings M J, John E A. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on yield, structure, and mortality in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 541-553.
[5]
de Kroon H, Huber H, Stuefer J F, et al. A modular concept of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 2005, 166: 73-82.
[6]
Liu J X, Sun Z Y, Gou P, et al. Response of photosynthetic physiology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to Cd2+ stress[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 12(3): 191-197.
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Zhang Z ,Yang S, Du G J, et al. Effects of shade on the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of three kinds of leguminous forage[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(5): 212-219.
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Wang J X, Wang J C, Wang R J, et al. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on photosynthetic and bioluminescent characteristics in ryegrass seedlings under osmotic stress[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 210-216.
[9]
Dong M, Alaten B. Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in the rhizomatous grassPsammochloa villosa in an Inner Mongolian dune, China[J]. Plant Ecology, 1999, 141: 53-58.
[10]
Roiloa S R, Retuerto R. Responses of the clonal Fragaria vesca to microtopographic heterogeneity under different water and light conditions[J]. Environmental and experimental botany, 2007, 61(1): 1-9.
[11]
Birch C P D, Hutchings M J. Exploitation of patchily distributed soil resources by the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1994, 82: 653-664.
[12]
Einsmann J C, Jones R H, Pu M, et al. Nutrient foraging traits in 10 co-occurring plant species of contrasting life forms[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1999, 87: 609-619.
[13]
Wijesinghe D K, Hutchings M J. The effects of environmental heterogeneity on the performance of Glechoma hederacea: the interaction between patch contrast and patch scale[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1999, 87: 860-872.
[14]
Huber-Sannwald E, Pyke D A, Caldwell M M, et al. Effects of nutrient patches and root system on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass[J]. Ecology, 1998, 79: 2267-2280.
[15]
Welham C V J, Turkington R, Sayre C. Morphological plasticity of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in response to spatial and temporal resource heterogeneity[J]. Oecologia, 2002, 130: 231-238.
[16]
Macek P, Lep J. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on clonal behaviour of Prunella vulgaris L.[J]. Plant Ecology, 2003, 168: 31-43.
[17]
Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. Geosattistical pattern of soil heterogeneity around individual perennial plants[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1993, 81: 683-692.
[18]
Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. The scale of nutrient heterogeneity around individual Plants and its quantification with geostatistics[J]. Ecology, 1993, 74: 612-614.
[19]
Caldwell M M, Pearcy R W. Explotation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants: Ecophysiological Processes Above and Below Ground[M]. San Diego: Aeademic Press, 1994.
[20]
Ryel R J, Caldwell M M, Manwaring J H. Temporal dynamics of soil spatial heterogeneity in sangebrush-wheatgrass steppe during a growing season[J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 184: 299-309.
[21]
〖JP2〗Stuefer J F, de Kroon H, During H. Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by spatial division of labour in a clonal plant[J]. Functional Ecology, 1996, 10: 328-334.〖JP〗
[22]
Cain M L, Subler S, Evans J P,et al. Sampling spatial and temporal variation in soil nitrogen[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 118: 397-404.
[23]
Hutchings M J, Wijesinghe D K, John E A. The effects of heterogeneous nutrient supply on plant performance: a survey of responses, with special reference to clonal herbs[A]. In: Hutchings M J, John E A, Stewart A J A. The Ecological Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity[M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000: 91-110.
[24]
Oborny B, Bartha S. Clonality in plant communities-an overview[J]. Abstracta Botanica, 1995, 19: 115-127.
[25]
Klime L, Klimesova J, Hendriks R,et al. Clonal plant architecture: A comparative analysis of form and function[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. The Netherlands, Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 1-29.
[26]
Hutchings M J, de Kroon H. Foraging in Plant: The role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition[J]. Advance in Ecological Research, 1994, 25: 159-238.
[27]
Huber H, Fijan A, During H. A comparative study of spacer plasticity in erect and stoloniferous herbs[J]. Oikos, 1998, 81: 576-586.
[28]
de Kroon H, Schieving F. Resource partitioning in relation to clonal growth strategy[A]. In: van Groenendael J, de Kroon H. Clonal Growth in Plants: Regulation and Function[M]. The Netherlands, The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing, 1990: 113-130.
[29]
Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. Integrating resource heterogeneity and plant plasticity: modeling nitrate and phosphate uptake in a patchy soil environment[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1996, 84: 891-903.
[30]
Weinig C, Delph L F. Phenotypic plasticity early in life constrains developmental responses later[J]. Evolution, 2001, 55: 930-936.
[31]
〖JP2〗Pigliucci M, Pollard H, Cruzan M B. Comparative studies of evolutionary responses to light environments in Arabidopsis[J]. American Naturalist, 2003, 161: 68-82.〖JP〗
[32]
de Kroon H, Hutchings M J. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1995, 83: 143-152.
[33]
Skálová H, Krahulec F. The response of three Festuca rubra clones to changes in light quality and plant density[J]. Functional Ecology, 1992, 6: 282-290.
[34]
Cain M L. Consequences of foraging in clonal plant species[J]. Ecology, 1994, 75: 933-944.
[35]
Dong M, de Kroon H. Plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in Cynodon dactylon, a grass species forming stolons and rhizomes[J]. Oikos, 1994, 70: 99-106.
[36]
Oborny B. Spacer length in clonal plants and the efficiency of resource capture in heterogeneous environments: a Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica, 1994, 29(2): 139-158.
[37]
Oborny B, Cain M L. Models of spatial spread and foraging in clonal plants[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. The Netherlands, Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 155-183.
[38]
Wijesinghe D K, Hutchings M J. The effects of spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity on the growth of a clonal plant: an experimental study with Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1997, 85: 17-28.
[39]
Wijesinghe D K, John E A, Beurskens S,et al. Root system size and precision in nutrient foraging: responses to spatial pattern of nutrient supply in six herbaceous species[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2001, 89: 972-983.
[40]
Day K J, Hutchings M J, John E A. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on the early stages of growth in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 305-315.
[41]
Day K J, Hutchings M J, John E A. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on yield, structure, and mortality in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 541-553.
[42]
de Kroon H, Huber H, Stuefer J F,et al. A modular concept of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 2005, 166: 73-82.
Dong M, Alaten B. Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in the rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an Inner Mongolian dune, China[J]. Plant Ecology, 1999, 141: 53-58.
[47]
〖JP2〗Salzman A G, Parker M A. Neighbours ameliorate local salinity stress for a rhizomatous plant in a heterogeneous environment[J]. Oecologia, 1985, 65: 273-277.〖JP〗
[48]
Friedman D, Alpert P. Reciprocal transport between ramets increases growth of Fragaria chiloensis when light and nitrogen occur in separate patches but only if patches are rich[J]. Oecologia, 1991, 86: 76-80.
[49]
Evans J P, Whitney S. Clonal integration across a salt gradient by a nonhalophyte, Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Apiaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1992, 79: 1344-1347.
[50]
Hutchings M J, Price A C P. Does physiological integration enable clonal herbs to integrate the effects of environmental heterogeneity?[J]. Plant Species Biology, 1993, 8: 95-105.
[51]
Alpert P, Stuefer J F. Division of labour in clonal plants[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 137-154.
[52]
Roiloa S R, Retuerto R. Responses of the clonal Fragaria vesca to microtopographic heterogeneity under different water and light conditions[J]. Environmental and experimental botany, 2007, 61(1): 1-9.
[53]
Birch C P D, Hutchings M J. Exploitation of patchily distributed soil resources by the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1994, 82: 653-664.
[54]
Einsmann J C, Jones R H, Pu M,et al. Nutrient foraging traits in 10 co-occurring plant species of contrasting life forms[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1999, 87: 609-619.
[55]
Wijesinghe D K, Hutchings M J. The effects of environmental heterogeneity on the performance of Glechoma hederacea: the interaction between patch contrast and patch scale[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1999, 87: 860-872.
[56]
Huber-Sannwald E, Pyke D A, Caldwell M M,et al. Effects of nutrient patches and root system on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass[J]. Ecology, 1998, 79: 2267-2280.
[57]
Welham C V J, Turkington R, Sayre C. Morphological plasticity of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in response to spatial and temporal resource heterogeneity[J]. Oecologia, 2002, 130: 231-238.
[58]
Macek P, Lep J. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on clonal behaviour of Prunella vulgaris L.[J]. Plant Ecology, 2003, 168: 31-43.
[59]
Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. Geosattistical pattern of soil heterogeneity around individual perennial plants[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1993, 81: 683-692.
[60]
Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. The scale of nutrient heterogeneity around individual Plants and its quantification with geostatistics[J]. Ecology, 1993, 74: 612-614.
[61]
Alpert P, Holzapfel C, Slominski C. Differences in performance between genotypes with different degrees of resource sharing in Fragaria chiloensis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 27-35.
[62]
Roiloa S R, Retuerto R. Physiological integration ameliorates effects of serpentine soils in the clonal herb Fragaria vesca[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2006, 128: 662-676.
[63]
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Lechowicz M J, Bell G. The ecology and genetics of fitness in forest plants. 2. Microspatial heterogeneity of the edaphic environment[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1991, 79: 687-696.
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Caldwell M M, Pearcy R W. Explotation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants: Ecophysiological Processes Above and Below Ground[M]. San Diego: Aeademic Press, 1994.
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Ryel R J, Caldwell M M, Manwaring J H. Temporal dynamics of soil spatial heterogeneity in sangebrush-wheatgrass steppe during a growing season[J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 184: 299-309.
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〖JP2〗Stuefer J F, de Kroon H, During H. Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by spatial division of labour in a clonal plant[J]. Functional Ecology, 1996, 10: 328-334.〖JP〗
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Cain M L, Subler S, Evans J P, et al. Sampling spatial and temporal variation in soil nitrogen[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 118: 397-404.
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Hutchings M J, Wijesinghe D K, John E A. The effects of heterogeneous nutrient supply on plant performance: a survey of responses, with special reference to clonal herbs[A]. In: Hutchings M J, John E A, Stewart A J A. The Ecological Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity[M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000: 91-110.
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Oborny B, Bartha S. Clonality in plant communities-an overview[J]. Abstracta Botanica, 1995, 19: 115-127.
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KlimeL, Klimesova J, Hendriks R,et al. Clonal plant architecture: A comparative analysis of form and function[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. The Netherlands, Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 1-29.
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Hutchings M J, de Kroon H. Foraging in Plant: The role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition[J]. Advance in Ecological Research, 1994, 25: 159-238.
[73]
Huber H, Fijan A, During H. A comparative study of spacer plasticity in erect and stoloniferous herbs[J]. Oikos, 1998, 81: 576-586.
[74]
de Kroon H, Schieving F. Resource partitioning in relation to clonal growth strategy[A]. In: van Groenendael J, de Kroon H. Clonal Growth in Plants: Regulation and Function[M]. The Netherlands, The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing, 1990: 113-130.
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Jackson R B, Caldwell M M. Integrating resource heterogeneity and plant plasticity: modeling nitrate and phosphate uptake in a patchy soil environment[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1996, 84: 891-903.
[76]
Weinig C, Delph L F. Phenotypic plasticity early in life constrains developmental responses later[J]. Evolution, 2001, 55: 930-936.
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〖JP2〗Pigliucci M, Pollard H, Cruzan M B. Comparative studies of evolutionary responses to light environments inArabidopsis[J]. American Naturalist, 2003, 161: 68-82.〖JP〗
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de Kroon H, Hutchings M J. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1995, 83: 143-152.
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Skálová H, Krahulec F. The response of three Festuca rubra clones to changes in light quality and plant density[J]. Functional Ecology, 1992, 6: 282-290.
[80]
Cain M L. Consequences of foraging in clonal plant species[J]. Ecology, 1994, 75: 933-944.
[81]
Dong M, de Kroon H. Plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in Cynodon dactylon, a grass species forming stolons and rhizomes[J]. Oikos, 1994, 70: 99-106.
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Oborny B. Spacer length in clonal plants and the efficiency of resource capture in heterogeneous environments: a Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica, 1994, 29(2): 139-158.
[83]
Oborny B, Cain M L. Models of spatial spread and foraging in clonal plants[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. The Netherlands, Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 155-183.
[84]
〖JP2〗Salzman A G, Parker M A. Neighbours ameliorate local salinity stress for a rhizomatous plant in a heterogeneous environment[J]. Oecologia, 1985, 65: 273-277.〖JP〗
[85]
Friedman D, Alpert P. Reciprocal transport between ramets increases growth of Fragaria chiloensis when light and nitrogen occur in separate patches but only if patches are rich[J]. Oecologia, 1991, 86: 76-80.
[86]
Evans J P, Whitney S. Clonal integration across a salt gradient by a nonhalophyte, Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Apiaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1992, 79: 1344-1347.
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Hutchings M J, Price A C P. Does physiological integration enable clonal herbs to integrate the effects of environmental heterogeneity?[J]. Plant Species Biology, 1993, 8: 95-105.
[88]
Alpert P, Stuefer J F. Division of labour in clonal plants[A]. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants[M]. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997: 137-154.
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Alpert P, Holzapfel C, Slominski C. Differences in performance between genotypes with different degrees of resource sharing in Fragaria chiloensis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2003, 91: 27-35.
[90]
Roiloa S R, Retuerto R. Physiological integration ameliorates effects of serpentine soils in the clonal herbFragaria vesca[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2006, 128: 662-676.
[91]
参考文献：
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Lechowicz M J, Bell G. The ecology and genetics of fitness in forest plants. 2. Microspatial heterogeneity of the edaphic environment[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1991, 79: 687-696.
