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草业学报  2015 

作物格局、土壤耕作和水肥管理对农田杂草发生的影响及其调控机制

DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2014396, PP. 199-210

Keywords: 作物格局,土壤耕作,水肥管理,杂草防控

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Abstract:

农田杂草的危害是阻碍农业生产快速、健康发展的主要因素之一。农田杂草的发生受到诸多自然因素的影响和人工措施的调控,而作物格局、土壤耕作和水肥管理是除施用除草剂外最基本的人工干扰措施。本文综述了作物种类和时空格局对杂草的影响,阐述了主要的作物种植模式防治杂草的效果,并比较了不同土壤耕作和水肥管理措施下杂草群落的变化,重点剖析了杂草发生的调控机制,探讨了通过作物与杂草的资源竞争、作物的他感作用及土壤种子库的变化来调控杂草发生的可能机理。综合相关研究发现,合理的轮作和间混套作表现出对田间杂草明显的抑制作用;免耕可以增加杂草的群落多样性,秸秆覆盖能降低杂草密度和生物量;施肥对杂草的影响因作物种类、施肥量和肥料类型等不同而不同,长期均衡施肥能降低杂草密度,增加杂草群落多样性;灌溉和提高自然降水利用效率能抑制旱地杂草,特定时间进行深水管理能够有效控制某些水田杂草。最后,针对目前研究和实践中的具体问题,展望了未来一段时间杂草的研究方向和应用前景。

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