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草业学报  2011 

能值方法与存在问题分析

, PP. 270-277

Keywords: 能值,能值转换率,能值分析,最大能值原则

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Abstract:

能值评价是以能量为工具分析开放系统热力学的一种环境会计方法,它用能值为统一标尺衡量不同质别的能量,是以生态-经济为中心的评价方法。笔者讨论了能值的基本概念、工作流程和草业内涵,比较了国内外研究的异同,指出国内研究需加强能值理论的研究,与国际同行一道完善、加速发展能值的方法论。从能值量化、最大功率原则、能值时间尺度、能值配置、能值与其他热力学参量间关系,以及能值与经济学关系等方面分析了能值基本特征和主要存在问题。虽然能值分析能解决很多其他评估方法不能量化产品与生态服务,但总体上方法过于简化、容易产生误导和评估结果不准确等缺陷,需要理论与方法论的协调发展。分析认为,选择合适参数,进行能值量化,能值综合评价方法,能值与其他热力学参量间关系明晰,能值形成过程时间尺度分析等,可能成为未来能值分析的主要研究方向。

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[32]  Hua J L, Bakshi B R. Promise and problems of emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2004, 178: 215225.
[33]  Giannetti B F, Barrella F A, Almeida C M V B A. A combined tool for environmental scientists and decision makers ternary diagrams and emergy accounting[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006, 14(2): 201210.
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[49]  Spreng D T. NetEnergy Analysis and the Energy Requirements of Energy Systems[M]. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988: 289.
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[54]  Pulselli R M, Rustici M, Marchettini N. An integrated framework for regional studied: emergy based spatial analysis of the Province of Cagliari[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 133: 113.
[55]  Costanza R, Daly H E. Natural capital and sustainable development[J]. Conservation Biology, 1992, 6: 3746.
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[57]  任继周, 侯扶江. 改变传统粮食观, 试行食物当量[J]. 草业学报, 1999, 8(增刊): 5575.
[58]  Megegaki A. Valuation for renewable energy: A comparative review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008, 12: 24222437．
[59]  Siracusa G, La Rosa A D, Palma P, et al. New frontiers for sustainability: Emergy evaluation of an ecovillage[J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2008, 10: 845855. 
[60]  蓝盛芳, 钦佩. 生态系统的能值分析[J]. 应用生态学报, 2001, 12(1): 129131.
[61]  Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy measures of carrying capacity to evaluate economic investments[J]. Population and Environment, 2001, 5: 471501.
[62]  胡小辉, 黄民生, 张虹, 等. 福建省县域农业生态系统的能值空间差异分析[J]. 中国农业生态学报, 2009, 17(1): 155162.
[63]  龚宇, 花家嘉, 王璞. 河北生态经济系统能值分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(1): 237242.
[64]  侯扶江, 南志标, 任继周. 作物－家畜综合生产系统[J]. 草业学报, 2009, 18(5): 211234.
[65]  侯扶江, 徐磊. 动物生产层在草业系统的涵义[J]. 草业科学, 2010, 27(11): 121126.
[66]  Campbel D E. Using energy systems theory to define, measure, and interpret ecological integrity and ecosystem health[J]. Ecosystem Health, 2000, 6(3): 192204.
[67]  Ulgiati S, Odum H T. Emergy Analysis of Italian Agricultural System the Role Energy Quality and Environmental Inputs[C]. Milan, Italy Elserier, Amsterdam: Ecological Physical Chemistry Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop, 1992: 187215.
[68]  Ulgiati S, Odum H T. Emergy use, environmental loading and sustainability——An energy analysis of Italy[J]. Ecological Modeling, 1994, 73: 215268.
[69]  Brown M T, Herendeen R A. Embodied energy analysis and emergy analysis: a comparative view[J]. Ecological Economics, 1996, 19: 219235.
[70]  Ulgiati S, Brown M T. Quantifying the environmental support for dilution and abatement of process emissions: The case of electricity production[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, 10: 335348.
[71]  Bastianoni S, Marchettini N. Emergy/exergy ratio as of the level of organization of systems[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1997, 99(1): 3340.
[72]  Bastianoni S, Marchettini N. The problem of coproductional accounting by emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modeling, 2000, 129(23): 187193.
[73]  Tilley D R, Swank W T. Emergy based environmental systems assessment of a multipurpose temperate mixedforest watershed of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2003, 69: 213227.
[74]  严茂超, 李海涛, 陈鸿, 等. 中国农林牧渔业主要产品的能值分析与评估[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2001, 23(6): 6669.
[75]  张耀辉, 蓝盛芳. 自然资源评价的多角度透视[J].农业现代化研究, 1997, 18(6): 3235.
[76]  赵玉环, 黎华寿. 广州省高州市典型龙眼果园能流能值分析[J]. 仲恺农业技术学院学报, 2001, (5): 2431.
[77]  陈东景, 徐中民. 干旱区农业生态经济系统的能值分析-以黑河流域中游张掖地区为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2002, 22: 2329.
[78]  李加林, 张忍顺. 互花米草海滩生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的评估——以江苏为例[J]. 海洋科学, 2003, 27(10): 6872.
[79]  陈阜. 农业生态学教程[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 1998.
[80]  万树文, 钦佩, 谢民. 用能值分析辅以生理指标测定研究狐毛草的耐盐性[J]. 生态学杂志, 1999, 18(4): 15.
[81]  隋春花, 蓝盛芳. 广州城市生态系统能值分析研究[J]. 重庆环境科学, 2001, 23(5): 47.
[82]  崔丽娟, 赵欣胜. 都阳湖湿地生态能值分析研究[J]. 生态学报, 2004, (7): 1018.
[83]  Hua J L, Bakshi B R. Promise and problems of emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2004, 178: 215225.
[84]  Giannetti B F, Barrella F A, Almeida C M V B A. A combined tool for environmental scientists and decision makers ternary diagrams and emergy accounting[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006, 14(2): 201210.
[85]  隋春花, 蓝盛芳. 城市生态系统能值分析（EMA) 的原理与步骤[J]. 重庆环境科学, 1999, 21(2): 1319.
[86]  陆宏芳, 蓝胜芳, 李牟召, 等. 农业生态系统能值分析方法研究[J]. 韶关大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 21(4): 7475.
[87]  李双成, 傅小锋, 郑度. 中国经济持续发展水平的能值分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(4): 297304.
[88]  Ayres R U. Ecology vs. Economics: Confusing Production and Consumption[M]. INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France: Center of the Management of Environmental Resources, 1998.
[89]  Odum H T. Environmental Accounting: EMERGY and Environmental Decision Making[M]. New York: Wiley, 1996: 370.
[90]  Cleveland C J, Kaufmann R K, Stern D I. Aggregation and the role of energy in the economy[J]. Ecological Economics, 2000, 32: 301317.
[91]  Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergybased and rations to evaluate sustainability: monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering, 1997, (9): 5169
[92]  Boltzmann L. The second law of thermodynamics, 1886[A]. In: Guiness B. Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems[M]. New York: D. Reider, 1974.
[93]  Lotka A. Contributions to the energetics of evolution[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1922, 8: 148154.
[94]  Mansson B A, McGlade J M. Ecology, thermodynamics and H. T. Odum’s conjectures[J]. Oecologia, 1993, 93: 582596.
[95]  Odum H T. Energysystems concepts and selforganizationa rebuttal[J]. Oecologia, 1995, 104(4): 518522.
[96]  Patten B C. Toward a more holistic ecology, and sciencethe contribution of Odum, H. T.[J]. Oecologia, 1993, 93(4): 597602.
[97]  Odum H T. Emergy of global processes[A]. Handbook of Emergy Evaluation[C]. University of Florida, Gainesville: Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, 2000.
[98]  Szargut J, Morris D R, Steward F R. Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes[M]. New York:Hemisphere Pubs., 1988: 332.
[99]  Odum H T. Selforganization, transformity, and information[J]. Science, 1988, 242:11321139.
[100]  Spreng D T. NetEnergy Analysis and the Energy Requirements of Energy Systems[M]. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988: 289.
[101]  Arrow K, Bolin B, Costanza R, et al. Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment[J]. Science, 1995, 268: 520521.
[102]  Daily G C. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Ecosystem Services and Their Importance[M]. Washington, D C: Island Press, 1997: 392.
[103]  Holliday Jr C O, Schmidheiny S, Watts P. Walking the TalkThe Business Case for Sustainable Development[M]. Sheffield, U K: Greenleaf Publishing, 2002.

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