Houghton R A. Balancing the global carbon budget. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2007, 35: 313-347.
[2]
Piao S L, Fang J Y, Ciais P, et al. The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature, 2009, 458: 1009-1014.
[3]
Schuman G E, Janzen H H, Herrick J E. Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 116: 391-396.
[4]
Ni J. Carbon storage in grasslands of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 2002, 50: 205-218.
[5]
Lu Y, Zhuang Q, Zhou G, et al. Possible decline of the carbon sink in the Mongolian Plateau during the 21st century. Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4: 1-8.
[6]
Liebig M A, Gross J R, Kronberg S L, et al. Grazing management contributions to net global warming potential: a long-term evaluation in the Northern Great Plains. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39: 799-809.
[7]
Wang S, Wilkes A, Zhang Z, et al. Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China’s grasslands: a synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2011, 142: 329-340.
Bai Y F, Han X G, Wu J G, et al. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 2004, 431: 181-184.
[10]
Lesica P, Kittelson P M. Precipitation and temperature are associated with advanced flowering phenology in a semi-arid grassland. Journal of Arid Environments, 2010, 74: 1013-1017.
[11]
Hao Y B, Wang Y F, Cui X Y. Drought stress reduces the carbon accumulation of the Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34: 898-906.
[12]
Yang Y H, Fang J Y, Tang Y H, et al. Storage, patterns and controls of soil organic carbon in the Tibetan grasslands. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14: 1592-1599.
[13]
Li L H, Bai W M, Wan S Q, et al. Increased temperature and precipitation interact to affect root production, mortality, and turnover in a temperate steppe: implications for ecosystem C cycling. Global Change Biology, 2010, 16: 1306-1316.
[14]
Yu H, Luedeling E, Xu J. Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107: 22151-22156.
[15]
Wu J G, Ai L, Chang W. Soil organic carbon mineralization and its affecting factors under four typical vegetation sinmid Qilian Mounatins. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26: 1703-1711.
Wu T Y, Jeff J S, Li F M, et al. Influence of cultivation on organic carbon in three typical soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14: 2213-2218.
[22]
Yan Y C, Tang H P, Chang R Y, et al. Variation of belowground carbon sequestration under long term cultivation and grazing in the typical steppe of nei Monggol in North China. Environmental Science, 2008, 29: 1388-1393.
Post W M, Kwon K C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biology, 2000, 6: 317-327.
[25]
Ciais P, Bousquet P, Freibauer A, et al. Horizontal displacement of carbon associated with agriculture and its impacts on atmospheric CO2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21.
[26]
Luo Z K, Wang E L, Sun O J. Can no-tillage stimulate carbon sequestration in agricultural soils? A meta-analysis of paired experiments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2010, 139: 224-231.
[27]
Pineiro G, Paruelo J M, Oesterheld M, et al. Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2010, 63: 109-119.
[28]
Derner J D, Boutton T W, Briske D D. Grazing and ecosystem carbon storage in the North American Great Plains. Plant and Soil, 2006, 280: 77-90.
[29]
Wang M J, Han G D, Zhao M L, et al. The effects of different grazing intensity on soil organic carbon content in meadow steppe. Patacultural Science, 2007, 24: 6-10.
[30]
Bagchi S, Ritchie M E. Introduced grazers can restrict potential soil carbon sequestration through impacts on plant community composition. Ecology Letters, 2010, 13: 959-968.
[31]
Li L H, Liu X H, Chen Z Z. Study on the carbon cycle of Leymus chinensis steppe in the Xilin river basin. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1998, 40: 955-961.
[32]
Li L H, Li X, Bai W M, et al. Soil carbon budget of a grazed Leymus chinensis steppe community in the Xilin river basin of Inner Mongolia. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2004, 28: 312-317.
Reeder J D, Schuman G E. Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 116: 457-463.
[35]
Martinsen V, Mulder J, Austrheim G, et al. Carbon storage in low-alpine grassland soils: effects of different grazing intensities of sheep. European Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 62: 822-833.
Rutledge S, Campbell D I, Baldocchi D, et al. Photodegradation leads to increased carbon dioxide losses from terrestrial organic matter. Global Change Biology, 2010, 16: 3065-3074.
[38]
王国良. 内蒙古高原南缘草甸草原可持续利用研究.北京: 中国农业科学院, 2007.
[39]
Franzluebbers A J, Stuedemann J A. Soil-profile organic carbon and total nitrogen during 12 years of pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2009, 129: 28-36.
[40]
Zhou Z Y, Sun O J, Huang J H, et al. Soil carbon and nitrogen stores and storage potential as affected by land-use in an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Biogeochemistry, 2007, 82: 127-138.
Wu L, He N, Wang Y, et al. Storage and dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil after grazing exclusion in Leymus chinensis grasslands of northern China. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2008, 37: 663-668.
Qu W L, Pei S F, Zhou Z G, et al. Influences of overgrazing and exclosure on carbon of soils and characteristics of vegetation in desert steppe, Inner Mongolia, North China. Journal of Gansu Forestry Science and Techndogy, 2004, 29: 4-6.
Pineiro G, Paruelo J M, Jobbagy E G, et al. Grazing effects on belowground C and N stocks along a network of cattle exclosures in temperate and subtropical grasslands of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2009, 23.
[50]
Kiehl K. Plant species introduction in ecological restoration: possibilities and limitations. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2010, 11: 281-284.
[51]
Conant R T, Paustian K, Elliott E T. Grassland management and conversion into grassland: Effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications, 2001, 11: 343-355.
Wang X Y, Willms W D, Hao X Y, et al. Cultivation and reseeding effects on soil organic matter in the mixed prairie. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2010, 74: 1348-1355.
Whitmore A P, Bradbury N J, Johnson P A. Potential contribution of plowed grassland to nitrate leaching. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1992, 39: 221-233.
[56]
Vellinga T V, van den Pol-van Dasselaar A, Kuikman P J. The impact of grassland ploughing on CO2 and N2O emissions in the Netherlands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004, 70: 33-45.
O’Brien S L, Jastrow J D, Grimley D A, et al. Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal-scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslands. Global Change Biology, 2010, 16: 2573-2588.
Gao Z C, Chi F Q, Zhao Q. Effects of fertilization on the plant community yield and soil properties of deteriorated grassland. Grassland and Turf, 2007, 2: 60-62.
[63]
Zhou G Y, Chen G S, Zhao Y L, et al. Comparative research on the influence of chemical fertilizer application and enclosure on alpine steppes in the Qinghai Lake area:1 Structure and species diversity of the plant community. Patacultural Science, 2004, 13: 26-31.
[64]
De Deyn G B, Shiel R S, Ostle N J, et al. Additional carbon sequestration benefits of grassland diversity restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011, 48: 600-608.
[65]
Liebig M A, Gross J, Kronberg S L, et al. Soil response to long-term grazing in the northern Great Plains of North America. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2006, 115: 270-276.
[66]
van Kessel C, Boots B, de Graaff M A, et al. Total soil C and N sequestration in a grassland following 10 years of free air CO2 enrichment. Global Change Biology, 2006, 12: 2187-2199.