Breinholt V M, Offord E A, Brouwer C, et al. In vitro investigation of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of dietary flavonoids[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2002, 40(5):609.
[2]
Gradolatto A, Canivenc-Lavier M C, Basly J P, et al. Metabolism of apigenin by liver phaseⅠand phaseⅡenzymes and by isolated perfused rat liver[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2004, 32 (1):58.
[3]
Nielsen S E, Breinholt V, Justesen U, et al. In vitro biotransformation of flavonoids by rat liver microsomes[J]. Xenobiotica, 1998, 28(4):389.
[4]
Breinholt V M, Offord E A, Brouwer C, et al. In vitro investigation of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of dietary flavonoids[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2002, 40(5):609.
[5]
Otake Y, Walle T. Oxidation of the flavonoids galangin and kaempferide by human liver microsomes and CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2C9[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2002, 30(2):103.
[6]
Walle U K, Walle T. Bioavailable flavonoids: cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of methoxyflavones[J]. Drug Metab Dispos,2007, 35(11):1985.
[7]
Wen X, Walle T. Methylation protects dietary flavonoids from rapid hepatic metabolism[J]. Xenobiotica, 2006, 36(5):387.
[8]
Nielsen S E, Breinholt V, Cornett C, et al. Biotransformation of the citrus flavone tangeretin in rats. Identification of metabolites with intact flavane nucleus[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2000, 38(9): 739.
[9]
Murakami A, Kuwahara S, Takahashi Y, et al. In vitro absorption and metabolism of nobiletin, a chemopreventive polymethoxyflavonoid in Citrus Fruits[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2001, 65(1):194.
[10]
Yasuda T, Yoshimura Y, Yabuki H, et al. Urinary metabolites of nobiletin orally administered to rats[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 2003, 51(12):1426.
[11]
Janisch K M, Williamson G, Needs P, et al. Properties of quercetin conjugates: modulation of LDL oxidation and binding to human serum albumin[J]. Free Radic Res, 2004, 38(8):877.
[12]
DuPont M S, Day A J, Bennett R N, et al. Absorption of kaempferol from endive, a source of kaempferol-3-glucuronide, in humans[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2004, 58(6):947.
[13]
Zhang L, Lin G, Zuo Z. Position preference on glucuronidation of mono-hydroxylflavones in human intestine[J]. Life Sci, 2006, 78(24): 2772.
[14]
Wong Y C, Zhang L, Lin G, et al. Intestinal first-pass glucuronidation activities of selected dihydroxyflavones[J]. Int J Pharm, 2009, 366(1/2):14.
[15]
Otake Y, Hsieh F, Walle T. Glucuronidation versus oxidation of the flavonoid galangin by human liver microsomes and hepatocytes[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2002, 30: 576.
[16]
Yodogawa S, Arakawa T, Sugihara N, et al. Glucurono-and sulfo-conjugation of kaempferol in rat liver subcellular preparations and cultured hepatocytes[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2003, 26 (8): 1120.
[17]
Bowey E, Adlercreutz H, Rowland I. Metabolism of isoflavones and lignans by the gut microflora: a study in germ free and human flora associated rats [J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2003, 41(5): 631.
[18]
Kim D H, Kim S Y, Park S Y, et al. Metabolism of quercitrin by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to some biological activities [J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 1999, 22 (7): 749.
[19]
Schneider H, Blaut M. Anaerobic degradation of flavonoids by eubacterium ramulus [J]. Arch Microbiol, 2000, 173(2):71.
[20]
Blaut M, Schoefer L, Braune A. Transformation of flavonoids by intestinal microorganisms [J]. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 2003, 73(2):79.
[21]
Androutsopoulos V, Wilsher N, Arroo R R,et al. Bioactivation of the phytoestrogen diosmetin by CYP1 cytochromes P450[J]. Cancer Lett, 2009 ,274(1):54.
[22]
Atherton K,Mutch E,Ford D. Metabolism of the soyabean isoflavone daidzein by CYP1A2 and the extra-hepatic CYPs 1A1 and 1B1 affects biological activity[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2006,72:624.
[23]
Yamamoto N, Moon J H, Tsushida T,et al. Inhibitory effect of quercetin metabolites and their related derivatives on copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein[J]. Arch Biochem Biophys,1999, 372:347.
[24]
Janisch K M, Williamson G, Needs P, et al. Properties of quercetin conjugates: Modulation of LDL oxidation and binding to human serum albumin[J]. Free Radic Res,2004,38(8):877.
[25]
Schlupper D, Giesa S, Gebhardt R. Influence of biotransformation of luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, 3\',4\'-dihydroxyflavone and apigenin by cultured rat hepatocytes on antioxidative capacity and inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity[J]. Planta Med,2006,72(7):596.
[26]
Henderson M C, Miranda C L, Stevens J F, et al. In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, humulus lupulus[J]. Xenobiotica, 2000, 30(3):235.
[27]
Chan H Y, Leung L K. A potential protective mechanism of soya isoflavones against 7, 12-dimethylbenz anthracene tumour initiation[J]. Br J Nutr, 2003, 90(2), 457.
[28]
Doostdar H, Burke M D, Mayer R T. Bioflavonoids: selective substrates and inhibitors for cytochrome P450 CYP1A and CYP1B1[J]. Toxicology, 2000, 144(1/3):31.
[29]
Walle T, Walle U K. Novel methoxylated flavone inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1B1 in SCC-9 human oral cancer cells[J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2007, 59(6):857.
[30]
Wen X, Walle U K, Walle T. 5, 7-Dimethoxyflavone downregulates CYP1A1 expression and benzo pyrene-induced DNA binding in Hep G2 cells[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2005, 26(4):803.
[31]
Choi E J, Kim T. Daidzein modulates induction of hepatic CYP1A1, 1B1, and AhR by 7, 12-dimethylbenz anthracene in mice[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 2008, 31(9):1115.
[32]
Ho P C, Saville D J, Wanwimolruk S. Inhibition of human CYP3A4 activity by grapefruit flavonoids, furanocoumarins and related compounds[J]. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2001, 4(3):217.
[33]
Breinholt V M, Rasmussen S E, Br sen K, et al. In vitro metabolism of genistein and tangeretin by human and murine cytochrome P450s[J]. Pharmacol Toxicol, 2003, 93(1):14.
[34]
Backman J T, Menp J, Belle D J, et al. Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tangeretin and tangerine juice on midazolam hydroxylation[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 67(4):382.
[35]
Sim nek V, Walterov D, Vicar J, et al. Silymarin-an extract from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum)-is it a drug or nutritional supplement? [J]. 2001, 50(2):66.
[36]
Zuber R, Modriansk M, Dvor k Z, et al. Effect of silybin and its congeners on human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activities[J]. Phytother Res, 2002, 16(7):632.
[37]
Jeong H J, Shin Y G, Kim I H, et al. Inhibition of aromatase activity by flavonoids[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 1999, 22(3):309.
[38]
Kao Y C, Zhou C, Sherman M, et al. Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study [J]. Environ Health Perspect, 1998, 106(2):85.
[39]
Pouget C, Fagnere C, Basly J P, et al. Synthesis and aromatase inhibitory activity of flavanones[J]. Pharm Res, 2002, 19(3):286.
[40]
Ta N, Walle T. Aromatase inhibition by bioavailable methylated flavones[J]. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2007, 107(1/2):127.
