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酸性硫酸盐土的形成、特性及其生态环境效应

DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0624, PP. 1534-1544

Keywords: 酸性硫酸盐土,成土过程,铁,硫,酸,生态效应

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Abstract:

酸性硫酸盐土(ASS)是全球沿海周边广泛分布的土壤种类,其铁、硫元素的生物地球化学过程在全球物质循环过程中具有重要地位,但ASS也是最低质的土壤类型之一。ASS成土母质常形成于富含有机质、海水浸泡的江口、海湾等热带亚热带滨海环境,经异化细菌还原海水硫酸盐而形成四方硫铁矿(FeS)、硫复铁矿(Fe3S4)、黄铁矿(FeS2)等多种还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物。ASS成土母质形成过程中的生物活动、化学反应相当活跃,还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物将环境中游离的金属、稀土元素以及痕量元素固定下来,实现海水净化、金属富集作用。因自然条件变化或者人为干扰等影响,ASS成土母质中的还原态Fe-S矿物被氧化而形成ASS。富含还原性硫化铁矿物的成土母质经一系列复杂反应,被氧化形成氢氧化铁、酸、硫酸盐等最终产物,同时伴生多种铁、硫生物中间产物,以及强酸土壤环境。强酸环境下,铝、镉、锰、砷、铬等有毒金属的活性大幅提高,而磷、钾、锌、硼等必需营养元素含量显著降低,严重危害实地动植物生长。另一方面,ASS中的酸和活化的重金属随雨水、径流、毛细管等途径进入河流、地下水,威胁周边生态安全。目前,ASS的形成机理已基本被揭示,以及ASS发育过程中的生态环境效应已基本清晰。然而,我国早期学者主要关注ASS的铁、铝、硫含量水平,以及ASS发育农田的改良应用,对于ASS的发育过程、生态功能及风险等尚未形成系统的认识。近年来,随着耕地面积不断萎缩,开发改良ASS等低产田块是提高我国粮食产量水平的重要措施。因此,为了合理开发利用ASS,尽量降低ASS的生态风险,亟需对ASS的形成机理、发育过程、土壤特性、生态环境效应进行全面综述。本文首先对ASS的形成条件与过程进行综述,进一步梳理了ASS中硫的演变和铁的地球化学过程,并着重阐述了ASS的酸性特点,最后对ASS的生态环境效应进行了讨论。结合我国研究现状,展望了进一步研究ASS的主要问题,旨在为科学开发和利用酸性硫酸盐土提供参考。

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