刻板印象错误知觉任务：区分刻板印象激活与刻板印象应用的新方法

摘要： 刻板印象错误知觉任务（Stereotype Misperception Task,简称 SMT）是一种可以对刻板印象激活和刻板印象应用进行有效区分的研究范式，它所对应的多项式模型可以对刻板印象激活和刻板印象应用各自贡献量的大小进行测算与评估。依托对刻板印象激活与刻板印象应用的关系的解构，分析与评估了刻板印象错误知觉任务的操作程序、原理、所对应的多项式模型及其数据分析，比较了刻板印象错误知觉任务和情感错误归因程序以及四重模型内在的关联以及本质区别，评价与展望了刻板印象错误知觉任务的发展方向。
Abstract: When forming impressions about other people, stereotypes about the individual’s social group often affect the resulting impression. There are 2 distinguishable processes underlie stereotypic impression formation: stereotype activation and stereotype application. Most previous research has used implicit measures to assess stereotype activation and explicit measures to assess stereotype application, which has several disadvantages. The authors introduce a measure of stereotypic impression formation, the stereotype misperception task (SMT), together with a multinomial model that quantitatively disentangles the contributions of stereotype activation and application to responses in the SMT. For the SMT, we introduce its procedure and assumptions. In the SMT, participants are asked to form impressions of people whose faces are shown in blurred drawings. Participants work through several trials and judge each person, one at a time, on a certain trait. For instance, if one wants to assess the extent to which African Americans are stereotyped as threatening, one would ask participants to judge the faces on threat. Immediately before the presentation of the target drawing, a non-blurred prime picture of a real face is presented. On some trials, the prime picture shows the face of a person belonging to the stereotyped group of interest (e.g., a Black face). On other trials, the prime picture shows the face of a person belonging to another social group (e.g., a Caucasian face) or a neutral stimulus, such as a facelike shape. For the purpose of the multinomial modeling, the SMT requires participants to make a dichotomous judgment of each drawing (i.e., whether the drawing is high or low on a particular trait) and the target drawings vary slightly in the extent to which they convey the respective trait. This allows us to estimate the extent to which participants are able to base their judgment on the target (instead of on the prime). The rationale behind the SMT is the following. When participants form an impression of the person shown in the blurred drawing, they may apply the activated stereotypes. Because the blurred drawings provide only ambiguous information, participants may use any accessible knowledge to make their judgment. As a consequence, stereotypes about the person shown in the prime